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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

2019

GP_3404 •

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CONTENTS UNION BUDGET 2018-19 PART-A CURRENT AFFAIRS •

WHO’s WHO

National Events Diary 2017

International Events Diary 2017

Satellites Launched in 2017

Supreme Court Judgments 2017

(i)-(iv) CA-1-CA-12

PART-B SUCCESS MANTRAS & GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 1. SUCCESS MANTRAS 2. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE •

Indian Panorama

World Panorama

International Awards

United Nations

Sobriquets

Important Days of the year

GK-1-GK-4 GK-5-GK-32

3. HISTORY

GK-33-GK-42

4. POLITY

GK-43-GK-49

5. GEOGRAPHY

GK-50-GK-55

6. ECONOMY

GK-56-GK-63

GP_3404 7. GENERAL SCIENCE

GK-64-GK-83

8. ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

GK-84-GK-87

9. ART, CULTURE AND TOURISM

GK-88-GK-90

10. COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORT AND MEDIA GK-91-GK-93 11. SPORTS

GK-94-GK-95

Union Budget 2018-19 Union Budget 2018 at a Glance S. No.

2018-2019 Budget Estimates

1515771

1505428

1725738

2

Tax Revenue (Net to Centre)

1101372

1227014

1269454

1480649

4

Capital Receipts

600991

630964

712322

716475

7

Non-Tax Revenue

1

Recovery of Loans

Other Receipts

Borrowings and Other 2 Liabilitites

272831 17630

47743

535618

288757 11933

72500

546531

235974 17473

100000

594849

245089 12199

80000

624276

8

Total Receipts (1+4)

1975194

2146735

2217750

2442213

9

Total (10+13)

Expenditure

1975194

2146735

2217750

2442213

10

On Revenue Account of which

1690584

1836934

1944305

2141772

12

Grants in Aid for creation of capital assets

165733

195350

189245

195345

11 13

14

Interest Payments

On Capital Account

480714 284610

523078 309801

530843 273445

575795 300441

Revenue Deficit (10-1)

316381 (2.1)

321163 (1.9)

438877 (2.6)

416034 (2.2)

15

Effective Revenue Deficit (14-12)

150648 (1.0)

125813 (0.7)

249632 (1.5)

220689 (1.2)

16

Fiscal Deficit [9(1+5+6)]

535618 (3.5)

546531 (3.2)

594849 (3.5)

624276 (3.3)

17

Primary Deficit (16-11)

54904 (0.4)

23453 (0.1)

64006 (0.4)

48481 (0.3)

Excluding receipts under Market Stabilisation Scheme Includes drawdown of Cash Balance

Notes: (i)

2017-2018 Revised Estimates

1374203

5

2017-2018 Budget Estimates

Revenue Receipts

6

2

2016-2017 Actuals

1

3

1

Years/Segments

(ii)

(iii)

GDP for BE 2018-2019 has been projected at ` 18722302 crore assuming 11.5% growth over the estimated GDP of ` 16784679 crore for 2017-18 (RE). Individual items in this document may not sum up to the totals due to rounding off. Figures in parenthesis are as a percentage of GDP.

GP_3404 (ii)

UNION BUDGET 2018-19

Rupee Comes From (Budget 2018-2019) Borrowings & Other Liabilities 19 p.

(Budget 2017-18) Non-Debt Capital Receipts 3 p.

19 p. 3 p. 10 p. 19 p. 10 p.

14 p.

Non-Tax Revenue 8 p. CorporationTax 19 p.

16 p. 9 p.

Goods and Service Tax & Other Taxes 23 p.

Income-Tax 16 p. Union Excise Duties 8 p.

Notes: 1.

2.

Customs 4 p.

Total receipts are inclusive of States’ share of taxes and duties which have been netted in the table on page 1. Represents Service tax and other taxes in BE 2017-18.

Rupee Goes To (Budget 2018-2019)

Other Expenditure 8 p.

(Budget 2017-18) 8 p.

10 p. 11 p.

Centrally Sponsored Scheme 9 p. Central Sector Scheme 10 p.

5 p. 18 p.

Pensions 5 p.

24 p.

5 p. 10 p.

9 p.

Interest Payments 18 p.

States’ Share of taxes & duties 24 p.

Defence 9 p. Finance Commission & Other Transfers 8 p.

Note:

Subsidies 9 p.

Total expenditure is inclusive of the States’ share of taxes and duties which have been netted against receipts in the table.

Income Taxes 5.29

Union Excise Duties 2.67

GST 7.44

Debt Receipts 6.24

Transfer to NDR Fund 0.03

Taxes on UTs 0.05

Gross Tax Revenue 22.71

Customs 1.12

Corporation Tax 5.21

Others 1.25

Market Loans 4.07

Small Savings and State Provident Fund 0.92

Dividend & Profit, 1.07

Interest Receipts 0.15

Net Tax Receipts 14.81

Others 1.23

Non-Tax Revenue 2.45

State Share of Taxes 7.88

Capital Receipts 7.16

Budget Size 24.42

Non Debt Capital Receipts, 0.92

Public Sector Undertakings 0.04 Regulatory/Statutary Bodies 0.07

Others 0.28

Transfers, Establishment and Other Expenditure 14.27

Scheme Expenditure (CS+CSS) 10.15

BUDGET PROFILE

Autonomous Bodies 0.61

Other Central Expenditure 6.78

Fertilizer 0.70

Finance Commission Transfers 1.09

Petroleum 0.25

Food 1.69

Other Grants/ Loaans 1.32

Transfer to State 2.41

Interest Payment 5.78

Salary & Allowances 2.07 Others 1.33

Pension 1.68

Core of the core Schemes 0.78

Core Schemes 2.28

Others 0.40

Others 0.31

Subsidy 2.95

(In ` lakh crore)

Economic Services 2.27 Social Services 0.45

Establishment Expenditure 5.08

Centrally Sponsored Schemes 3.06

Central Sector Schemes 7.09

General Services 1.02

UNION BUDGET 2018-19

(iii)

GP_3404 (iv)

UNION BUDGET 2018-19

Union Budget 2018 1. Commodities that are now Cheaper

IMPORTED ITEMS ƒƒ Raw cashew nuts ƒƒ Solar tempered glass or solar tempered glass used for manufacture solar panels/ modules ƒƒ Raw materials, parts or accessories used in making cochlear implants ƒƒ Select capital goods and electronics such as ball screws and linear motion guides.

2. Commodities that’ll cost you more

IMPORTED ITEMS • Cars and motorcycles • Mobile phones • Silver • Gold • Vegetable, fruit juices • Sunglasses • LCD/LED TV panels • Furniture • Mattresses • Lamps • Watches and clocks • All toyes

• • • • • • • • •

Miscellaneous food except soya Perfumes/Deodorants Sunscreen Dental hygiene Shaving preparations Video game consoles Outdoor games, including pools Cigarette and other lighters, candles Kites

• • • • • •

Truck and Bus radial tyres Silk Fabrics Footwear Jewellery Smart watches Edible/vegetable oils such as olive oils, groundnut oil

 Note: No change in Income Tax Slabs except in Cess

CURRENT AFFAIRS WHO’S WHO President – Shri Ram Nath Kovind Vice President – Shri Venkaiah Naidu Prime Minister – Shri Narendra Modi

Portfolios of the Union Council of Ministers (As on 03.09.2017) S.No.

Portfolio

Name

Prime Ministers Shri Narendra Modi

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15

Prime Minister and also in-charge of: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions; Department of Atomic Energy; Department of Space; and All important policy issues; and All other portfolios not allocated to any Minister. Cabinet Ministers Shri Raj Nath Singh Minister of Home Affairs. Smt. Sushma Swaraj Minister of External Affairs. Shri Arun Jaitley Minister of Finance; and Minister of Corporate Affairs. Shri Nitin JairamGadkari Minister of Road Transport and Highways; Minister of Shipping; and Minister of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation. Shri Suresh Prabhu Minister of Commerce and Industry. Shri D. V. Sadananda Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Gowda Sushri Uma Bharati Minister of Drinking Water and Sanitation. Shri Ramvilas Paswan Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Smt. Maneka Gandhi Minister of Women and Child Development. Shri Ananthkumar Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers; and Minister of Parliamentary Affairs. Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad Minister of Law and Justice; and Minister of Electronics and Information Technology. Shri Jagat Prakash Nadda Minister of Health and Family Welfare. Shri Ashok Gajapathi Raju Minister of Civil Aviation. Pusapati Shri Anant Geete Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. Smt. Harsimrat Kaur Minister of Food Processing Industries.

Badal 16 Narendra Singh Tomar 17 18 19 20 21

Minister of Rural Development; Minister of Panchayati Raj; and Minister of Mines. Chaudhary Birender Singh Minister of Steel. Jual Oram Minister of Tribal Affairs. Radha Mohan Singh Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Thaawar Chand Gehlot Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment. Smt. Smriti ZubinIrani Minister of Textiles; and Minister of Information and Broadcasting.

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CURRENT AFFAIRS

22 Dr. Harsh Vardhan

23 Prakash Javadekar 24 Dharmendra Pradhan

Minister of Science and Technology; Minister of Earth Sciences; and Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Minister of Human Resource Development. Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas; and Minister of Skill

Development and Entrepreneurship. 25 Piyush Goyal Minister of Railways; and Minister of Coal. 26 Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman Minister of Defence. 27 Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Minister of Minority Affairs.

CHIEF MINISTERS AND GOVERNORS OF STATES & UNION TERRITORIES

State Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra

Capital Hyderabad

Chief Minister N.Chandrababu Naidu

Dispur Patna Raipur Panaji Gandhinagar Chandigarh Simla

Sarbananda Sonowal Nitish Kumar Dr. Raman Singh Manohar Parrikar Vijay Rupani Manohar Lal Khattar Jairam Thakur

Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim

Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Jaipur Gangtok

Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland

Tamil Nadu Telangana

Itanagar

Srinagar (Summer) Jammu (Winter) Ranchi Bangalore Thiruvananthapuram Bhopal Mumbai Imphal Shillong Aizawl Kohima

Chennai

Hyderabad

Pema Khandu

Governor E.S Lakshmi Narasimhan Dr. B. D. Mishra

Mehbooba Mufti

Narinder Nath Vohra

Raghuvar Das Siddaramaiah Pinarayi Vijayan Shivraj Singh Chouhan Devendra Fadnavis N. Biren Singh Dr. Mukul Sangma Lal Thanhawla T R Zeliang

Naveen Patnaik Capt. Amrinder Singh Vasundhara Raje Pawan Kumar Chamling E. Palaniswami

K Chandrasekhar Rao

Jagdish Mukhi Shri Satya Pal Malik Balram Dass Tandon Mridula Sinha Om Prakash Kohli Kaptan Singh Solanki Acharya Dev Vrat Draupadi Murmu Vajubhai Vala P. Sathasivam Om Prakash Kohli

Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao Najma Heptullah Ganga Prasad Nirbhay Sharma Padmanabha Balkrishna Acharya S.C. Jamir Shri. VP Singh Badnore Kalyan Singh Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil Thiru Banwarilal Purohit E.S Lakshmi Narasimhan

CA-3

CURRENT AFFAIRS Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Island Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Delhi Lakshadweep Puducherry

Agartala Lucknow Dehradun Kolkata Capital

Manik Sarkar Sri Yogi Adityanath Trivendra Singh Rawat Mamta Benerjee Head

Tathagata Roy Ram Naik Krishan Kant Paul Keshri Nath Tripathi Position

Port Blair

Devendra Kumar Joshi,

Lieutenant Governor

Chandigarh Silvassa

V. P. Singh Badnore Praful Khoda Patel

Administrator Administrator

Delhi Kavaratti Puducherry

Arvind Kejriwal Farooq Khan Kiran Bedi

Anil Baijal Administrator Lieutenant Governor

Daman

Praful Khoda Patel

IMPORTANT NATIONAL OFFICIALS

1.

Ghayurul Hasan

Chairperson, NCM

3.

Ved Prakash

Chairperson, UGC

2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Nand Kumar Sai Prof. (dr.) Ram shankar katheria H. L. Dattu K.N. Vyas

Dr. Y.V. Reddy Urjit Patel

Ajay Tyagi

Ram Sevak Sharma A.S. Kiran Kumar Prasoon Joshi

Mukesh Khanna Anita Karwal T.S. Vijayan

K K Venugopal

Justice Swatantra Kumar Dr. Hrushikesh Senapaty

Ashim Khurana Mangu Singh

Prof. David R. Syiemlieh

Administrator

Chairperson, National Commission for Scheduled Tribe Chairperson, National Commission for Scheduled Castes Chairperson NHRC

Director, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Chairperson, 14th Finance Commission Governor, Reserve Bank of India Chairman, SEBI

Chairperson, TRAI Chairperson, ISRO

Chairperson, Central Board of Film Certification Chairperson, Children’s Film Society of India

Chairperson, Central Board of Secondary Education

Chairperson, Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority of India Attorney General of India

Chairperson, National Green Tribunal Director, NCERT

President, Staff Selection Commission

Director General, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Chairman of UPSC

GP_3404 CA-4

CURRENT AFFAIRS

COUNTRIES & THEIR HEADS State

Head of state

Head of Government

Afghanistan

Ashraf Ghani

Abdullah Abdullah

Armenia

Serzh Sargsyan

Karen Karapetyan

Bangladesh

Abdul Hamid

Sheikh Hasina

Bhutan Brazil

Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Michel Temer

Canada

Elizabeth II

Argentina Australia Belgium

Cambodia Cuba

Denmark Egypt

France

Germany Hungary India

Indonesia Iran Iraq

Israel Italy

Japan

Jordan

Kuwait

Mauricio Macri

Philippe (King)

Norodom Sihamoni Raúl Castro

Malcolm Turnbull Charles Michel

Tshering Tobgay Hun Sen

Justin Trudeau

Margrethe II

Lars Lokke Rasmussen

Francois Hollande

Edouard Philippe

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Joachim Gauck János Áder

Ram Nath Kovind Joko Widodo

Sherif Ismail

Angela Merkel Viktor Orbion

Narendra Modi

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei

Hassan Rouhani

Reuven Rivlin

Benjamin Netanyahu

Fuad Masum

Sergio Mattarella Akihito

Abdullah II

Haider al-Abadi Paolo Gentiloni Shinzo Abe

Hani Al-Mulki

Malaysia

Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Muhammad V

Mauritius

Ameenah Gurib

Pravind Jugnauth

Htin Kyaw

Aung San Suu Kyi

Maldives Mexico

Myanmar Nepal

North Korea Norway Oman

Abdulla Yameen

Enrique Pe–a Nieto Bidhya Devi Bhandari Kim Jong-un Harald V

Qaboos bin Said al Said

Sheikh Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah Najib Razak

Sher Bahadur Deuba Erna Solberg

CA-5

CURRENT AFFAIRS Pakistan

Mamnoon Hussain

Shahid Khaqan Abbasi

Portugal

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa

Ant—nio Costa

Palestine

Mahmoud Abbas

Qatar

Rami Hamdallah

Russia

Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani Vladimir Putin

Sheikh Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Dmitry Medvedev

Singapore

HALIMAH Yacob

Lee Hsien Loong

Moon Jae-in

Lee Nak-yeon

Maithripala Sirisena

Ranil Wickremesinghe

Saudi Arabia

Salman, King

South Africa

Jacob Zuma

South Korea Spain

Felipe VI

Sri Lanka

Switzerland

7 Presidents as head of state

Syria

Turkey

Bashar al-Assad

Imad Khamis

Petro Poroshenko

Volodymyr Groysman

Recep Tayyip Erdogan

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates United Kingdom

Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Elizabeth II

Vatican City

Pope Francis

United States

Donald Trump

Zimbabwe

Mariano Rajoy

Emmerson Mnangagwa (24 Nov. 2017)

Binali Yıldırım

Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Theresa May Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello

IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL OFFICIALS 1. 2. 3. 4.

Antonio Guterres Roberto Azevedo Peter Thomson/Miroslav Lajčák Audrey Azoulay

6.

Antony Lake

5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Christine Lagarde

Jim Yong Kim Ronny Abraham Takehiko Nakao Thomas Bach Robert M. Lightfoot, Jr. (acting) Joaquín Alexander Maza Martelli Yukiya Amano

Secretary-General, United Nations Organisation Director-General, World Trade Organisation President, UN General Assembly Director-General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Managing Director, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Executive Director, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) President, World Bank President, International Court of Justice (ICJ) President, Asian Development Bank President, International Olympic Committee Adminstrator, NASA President, UN Human Rights Council Director-General, International Atomic Energy Agency

GP_3404 CA-6 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

CURRENT AFFAIRS

Jens Stoltenberg

Lee Luang Minh Mr. Amjad Hussain B. Sial The Baroness Scotland of Asthal/ Patricia Scotland Zaheer Abbas Shashank Manohar/ Dave Richardson Philip Craven

Dr. Yousef bin Ahmad Al-Othaimeen Abdul Rahman ibn/Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani Jose Graziano da Silva Li Yong David Beasley

Secretary-General, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Secretary-General, ASEAN Secretary-General, SAARC Secretary-General, Commonwealth President, International Cricket Council Chairman, International Cricket Council President, International Paralymic Committee Secretary-General, OIC

Secretary-General, Gulf Cooperation Council Director-General, FAO Director-General, UNIDO Head, World Food Programme

AWARDS AND HONOURS

Nobel Prize 2017 Physics:Rainer Weiss,Barry C. BarishandKip S. Thorne, “for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves” Chemistry:Jacques Dubochet,Joachim FrankandRichard Henderson, “for developing Cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Physiology or Medicine:Jeffrey C. Hall,Michael RosbashandMichael W. Young, “for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm” Literature:Kazuo Ishiguro, for, “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world” Peace :International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN),”for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons” Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences:Richard Thaler, for his contributions to behavioral economics”.

National Sports Awards 2017

The Union Govt. bestows National sports awards every year to recognize and reward excellence in sports in India.

Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award

Recipients : ShriDevendra (Para Athlete), ShriSardar Singh (Hockey)

Dronacharya Award

Recipients: Late Dr. R. Gandhi (Athletics), Mr. HeeraNandKataria (Kabaddi), Mr. G.S.S.V. Prasad (Badminton (Lifetime)), Mr. BrijBhushanMohanty (Boxing (Lifetime)), Mr. P.A. Raphel (Hockey (Lifetime)), Mr. SanjoyChakraverthy (Shooting (Lifetime)), Mr. RoshanLal (Wrestling (Lifetime)).

CURRENT AFFAIRS

CA-7

Arjuna Award Recipients: Ms. V.J. Surekha (Archery), Ms. KhushbirKaur (Athletics), Mr. Arokia Rajiv (Athletics), Ms. Prasanthi Singh (Basketball), Sub. LaishramDebendro Singh (Boxing), Mr. CheteshwarPujara (Cricket), Ms. HarmanpreetKaur (Cricket), Ms. OinamBembem Devi (Football), Mr. S.S.P. Chawrasia (Golf), Mr. S.V. Sunil (Hockey), Mr. Jasvir Singh (Kabaddi), Mr. P. N. Prakash (Shooting), Mr. A. Amalraj (Table Tennis), Mr. SakethMyneni (Tennis), Mr. SatyawartKadian (Wrestling), Mr. Mariyappan (Para-Athlete), Mr. Varun Singh Bhati (ParaAthlete).

Dhyan Chand Award

Recipients: Mr. Bhupender Singh (Athletics), Mr. Syed Shahid Hakim (Football), Ms. SumaraiTete (Hockey).

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy Recipient: Punjabi University, Patiala.

26th Saraswati Samman 2016 Renowned bilingual writer Mahabaleshwar Sail has been honoured in March 2017 for his Konkani novel “Hawthan”. The award is instituted by KK Birla Foundation in 1991 for literary work.

Man Booker International Prize 2017 Israeli author David Grossman wins the Man Booker International Prize for his novel “A Horse Walks Into A Bar’’. David Grossman becomes the first Israeli author to win the Man Booker International Prize.

Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar made India proud by winning the much-coveted title of Miss World 2017 held in Sanya city, China, on 18th November. It took 17 years for India to win back the Miss World title, which was last bagged by Priyanka Chopra in 2000. She was previously crowned Femina Miss India 2017 on 25 June 2017.

Dada Saheb Phalka Award 2017

President Pranab Mukherjee on 3 May 2017 conferred filmmaker Kasinadhuni Viswanath with the prestigious Dada Saheb Phalke Award at the 64th National Film Awards ceremony in New Delhi Viswanath is the 48th recipient of the Phalke award, the highest recognition in Indian cinema.

Jnanpith Award

Sankha Ghosh, eminent Bengali poet and literary critic was honoured with the 52nd Jnanpith Award on 27 April 2017 by President Pranab Mukherjee in New Delhi.

GP_3404 CA-8

CURRENT AFFAIRS

IMPORTANT APPOINTMENTS 2017 JANUARY 2nd Jan 3rd Jan 4th Jan

19th Jan

Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa - New Air Force Chief. General Bipin Rawat - the Chief of Army Staff Prof David R Syiemlieh - UPSC Chairman

Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar - Chief Justice of India

IPS Alok Kumar Verma - Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation.

FEBRUARY

14th Feb

Tehmina Janjua - Pakistan’s First Women Secretary to UN

2nd Mar

Senior IAS officer Ajay Tyagi - SEBI Chairman

16th Mar

Captain Amarinder Singh – CM of Punjab

15th Mar 19th Mar 5th April

28th April 2nd May

10th May 14th May 2nd June 7th June 3rd July

25th July

MARCH

N.Biren Singh- CM of Manipur

Trivendra Singh Rawat - CM of Uttrakhand Yogi Adityanath-CM of Uttar Pradesh

APRIL

Raman Roy – Chairman of NASSCOM for 2017-18 Ilir Meta – New President of Albania

MAY

Braj Bihari Kumar – Chairman of the Indian Council of Social Science

Research

Hubert Minnis – Prime Minister of the Bahamas Emmanuel Macron – President of France

JUNE

Shashi Shekar Vempati – CEO of Prasar Bharti

Sher Bahadur Deuba – Prime Minister of Nepal JULY

K K Venugopal- New Attorney General of India

Ram Nath Kovind Takes Oath As 14th President of India

AUGUST

11th Aug

Venkaiah Naidu - 13th Vice President of India

29th Aug

Justice Dipak Misra- The 45th Chief Justice of India

11th Aug 1st Sept

18th Sept

Athlete Milkha Singh- WHO Goodwill Ambassador

SEPTEMBER

Rajiv Kumar- New Vice Chairman of NITI Aayog

Y.C Modi - Chief of the National Investigation Agency (NIA)

CA-9

CURRENT AFFAIRS OCTOBER 11th Oct

Anupam Kher - New Chairman of Film and Television Institute of India (FTII)

10th Nov

Dalveer Bhandari - International Court of Justice

2nd Dec

Salil S. Parekh – CEO & MD of Infosys.

NOVEMBER

15th Nov

Urjit Patel - Advisory Board of Bank of International Settlement

DECEMBER

3-TOP UPDATES NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2017

5th January 7th January 10th January 20th January 3rd February 15th February

16th February 20th February 6th March 11th March 15th March 16th March 19th March 1st April 10th April 27th April 1st May 7th May 13th June 17th June 1st July 26th July 27th July

Mahendra Singh Dhoni steps down as Captain of India ODI and T20I teams. Virat Kohli named Team India ODI, T20 Captain. IIT Kharagpur alumnus Parag Havaldar wins Technical Oscar Award. Dharamshala declared as second capital of Himachal Pradesh. Elections in Five Poll-bound states to be held between 4th February and March 8, 2017. ISRO successfully launches 104 satellites. Palaniswami sworn in as new Tamil Nadu Chief Minister.

Barren Island, India’s only live volcano, active again. World’s oldest serving aircraft carrier INS Viraat decommissioned. Assembly election results; BJP wins in Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand , Congress emerges the largest party in Punjab Manohar Parrikar sworn in as Goa’s Chief Minister. Nongthombam Biren Singh sworn in as Chief Minister of Manipur. Captain Amarinder Singh sworn in as Chief Minister of Punjab. Trivendra Singh Rawat sworn in as Uttarakhand Chief Ministry. Yogi Adityanath sworn in as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. SBI merged with its 4 associate banks. Kulbhushan Jadhav sentenced to death in Pakistan. PM Narendra Modi launches UDAN scheme, flags off first UDAN flight on Shimla-Delhi route. SAARC satellite set for lift-off: All nations in the grouping except Pakistan to benefit Facebook launches Express Wi-Fi in India. RBI issues new batch of `500 notes with inset letter A; DRDO successfully test fires anti-tank Nag missile PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Kochi Metro. Goods and Services Tax, India's biggest tax reform in 70 years of independence, launched. Nitish Kumar (JDU) resigns as Chief Minister of Bihar, breaking the coalition with RJD & Indian National Congress. NDA (JDU + BJP) led government comes in Bihar.

GP_3404 CA-10

CURRENT AFFAIRS

11th August 15th August

Venkaiah Naidu took oath as 13th Vice President of India. 71st Independence Day celebrated. CBI special court sentenced Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh 20 years jail in 28th August verdict of rape case. Cabinet expansion conducted in Rashtrapati Bhavan, 9 new ministers took oath. Nirmala Sitaraman and Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi got promoted to 3rd September Cabinet Ministers. Nirmala Sitharaman, the current defence minister is the second woman after Indira Gandhi. Narendra Modi visits China for 9th BRICS Summit and Myanmar for 5th September bilateral talk. Lucknow Metro inaugurated. Gauri Lankesh, senior journalist shot dead in Bangalore. Japan prime minister Shinzo Abe visits Ahmadabad for bilateral talk, signs 13th September many agreement including Bullet Train project in India. India opened two immigration check posts along the borders with 1st October Myanmar and Bangladesh 29th October Virat Kohli becomes fastest batsman to score 9,000 runs in ODIs Ministry of Finance increased the maximum age of joining the National 1st November Pension System (NPS) from the existing 60 years to 65 years 2nd November 3rd November 7th November 9th November

Delhi hosted 9th global green film festival

PM Narendra Modi inaugurated ‘World Food India’ 2017 in New Delhi; Krishna Sobti gets prestigious Jnanpith award 2017. India test-fires ‘Nirbhay’ missile

Telangana CM declares Urdu as second official language

Pankaj Advani wins 17th world title at the IBSF World Billiards Championship 2017 in Doha, Qatar 16th November 12th North East Business Summit inaugurated in New Delhi. 13th November

19th November Manushi Chhillar wins Miss World 2017

India’s Justice Dalveer Bhandari re-elected as Judge in International Court of Justice India’s Saikhom Mirabai Chanu won gold medal at World Weightlifting 30th November Championship held in Anaheim, United States 5th December Veteran actor Shashi Kapoor passes away. 21th November

17th December 18th December 19th December

Cabinet passed the National Medical Commission Bill, which does away with the Medical Council of India (MCI) PM inaugurates 60 MW Tuirial Hydro power Project in Aizawl, Mizoram BJP wins Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh Assembly election

INTERNATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2017 JANUARY 3rd January 21st January 25th January 21st February 8th March 1st April

Antonio Guterres takes charge as UN secretary General. Donald Trump sworn in as 45th US President. Japan launches first ever Military Communications Satellite Kirameki-2. Scientist discovered drowned Pacific Ocean continent “Zealandia” China becomes the World’s biggest banking system. Japan officially recognise bitcoin as currency.

CA-11

CURRENT AFFAIRS 24th April 19th May 27th May 1st June 15th June 4th July 8th July 28th July 3rd August 23th August 5th September 12th September 13th October 19th October 27 October 1st November 6th November 10th November 14th November 21st November

4th December 5th December 6th December 7th December

NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson sets new record for time in spac(534 days). First natural human antibodies against Ebola virus discovered by US scientists. India’s iconic monument Taj Mahal features in the World’s Top 10 Traveller Choice Awards for Landmarks. Trump announces US withdrawal from Paris Agreement on Climate Change. China lauches 1st X-ray space telescope to study black holes. North Korea successfully tested an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) The 12th meeting of the Group of Twenty (G20), which was held on 7th and 8th July, 2017, in Hamburg, Germany Pakistan PM Nawaz Sharif resigns over Panama Papers verdict. Qatar becomes first Arab country to offer permanent residency to non-citizens. Severe Typhoon Hato hits Hong Kong 9th BRICS summit @ Xiamen, China UNSC unanimously adopts new sanctions against North Korea. US and Israel withdraw from UNESCO Japanese P.M. Shinzo Abe secured a crucial victory in Japan’s elections. Burundi becomes first country to leave International Criminal Court; Catalonia declares independence from Spain World’s third largest book fair, Sharjah International Book Fair (SIBF) 2017, opened in Sharjah, UAE COP23 climate change summit begins in Bonn, Germany India re-elected as member of UNESCO’s executive board 10th South Asia Economic Summit held in Nepal; Kevin Lilliana of Indonesia won Miss International 2017 Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe resigns, ending 37-year rule; India-Russia sign pact for visa free entry of flight crew; China launches three remote sensing satellites The United States has pulled out of UN Global Compact on Migration. The first phase of Iran’s Chabahar port was inaugurated by Iran’s President Hassan Rouhani.. International conference on Climate Change held in Nepal UAE and Saudi Arabia form new group, separate from GCC Time magazine named ‘The Silence Breakers’ as its Person of the Year for 2017

SATELLITES LAUNCHED IN 2017 Satellite South Asia Satellite GSAT-19

Launch Date 5th May, 2017

5th June, 2017

Description It is a geostationary communications and meteorology satellite operated by ISRO. It is a communications satellite launched by the ISRO aboard a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III.

GP_3404 CA-12

Cartosat-2E

CURRENT AFFAIRS 23 June, 2017

GSAT-17

28th June, 2017

IRNSS-1H Resourcesat-2A

31th August, 2017,

7th December, 2016

It is an earth observation satellite developed by ISRO. It is a communications satellite operated by INSAT. It lies in the Regional Navigational Satellite System series of satellites. It is a remote sensing satellite.

SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENTS 2017 03-04-2017 07-04-2017 10-04-2017 15-04-2017

05-05-2017 05-05-2017 09-05-2017 12-06-2017 10/08/17 11/10/17 24/11/17 15/12/17

SC held that landlord entitled to get interest when Court allows tenant to pay rent arrears in installments. SC held that error of judgment’ by Doctor is not criminal negligence.

SC has observed that a husband, who was major at the time of marriage, cannot seek annulment of marriage with his wife on the ground that she was minor at the time of marriage. SC has held that a candidate for an employment post, who applied under OBC category by availing of age relaxation and also attended the interview under OBC category, cannot claim right to be appointed under general. SC has upheld the Death penalty of convicts in Nirbhaya Rape and Death Case awarded to them by Delhi High Court in September 2013. SC held that when the main question involved in the suit is whether the suit land is a Wakf property or not, it can be decided only by the Wakf Tribunal, and not by the civil court. SC sentenced Calcutta High Court judge C S Karnan to 6 months in jail for contempt of Supreme Court. SC upheld the constitutional validity of Section 139AA of Income Tax Act which made mandatory linkage of IT returns with Aadhaar SC Permits Abortion of 25-Weeks-Old Fetus With Neurological Disorder that causes absence of major portion of the skull and scalp.

Sexual intercourse between a man and his wife being a girl between 15 and 18 years of age is rape.

Bhagirath Agarwal vs M/s Simplex Concrete & Piles (I) Pvt. Ltd. Dr. Sou Jayshree Ujwal Ingole Vs.

State of Maharashtra & Anr. Bhagwati @ Reena vs Anil Choubey, Deepa EV vs UoI

Mukesh & Anr. Vs. State of NCT of Delhi & Ors

Rajasthan Wakf Board vs Devki Nandan Pathak. Sri Justice C.S. Karnan Binoy Viswan Vs. Union of India & ORS

Mamtaverma

Versus Union of India and Ors. Independent Thought

Versus Union of India and Anr. Medical Council of India,Appellant

The Supreme Court directed a Medical College in Lucknow to grant compensation of Rs. 10 lakh each to the students it had admitted for the Versus G.C.R.G. Memorial Academic Year 2017-18. Trust &Ors. The Supreme Court has cancelled the admission Sarvepalliradhakrishnan of students in a medical college in Madhya university &anr. Versus Pradesh, as an inspection conducted. Union of India &Ors.

CURRENT AFFAIRS

CA-13

GP_3404 CA-14

CURRENT AFFAIRS

Success Mantras

GP_3404 GK-2

How to Manage Exam Stress Stress is a feeling of an aspirant or a person when he has to perform more than he is used to perform. Suppose you are stressed, your body responds as you are in danger. It makes hormones to speedup your heart, breathe faster and burst your energy. Some stress is normal and useful for you that help to work hard and react quickly. But it happens too often and lasts for too long, it can cause health problems and hindrance in your work and performance.

Healthy ways to cope with stress (i)

Take out some time for entertainment and relaxation. (ii) Develop or keep hobby. (iii) Rest and sleep well. (iv) Be positive and confident. (v) Engage socially-reach out and build relationship with the help of * Reach out to a colleague who is competitive aspirant. * Help someone in need. * Have lunch or tea with a friend. * Call an old friend. * Go for a walk with like minded people (vi) Avoid unnecessary stress There are a number of stressors in life and during exam preparation that can be eliminated. * Avoid people who stress you out, * Take control of your environment, eg. you can turn off the T.V, can study in library, etc. (vii) Alter the situation. * Express your filling instead of bottling them up. * Be willing to compromise. * Manage your time better. (viii) Accept the things you can’t change * Don’t try to control the uncontrollable. * Look for the upside, i.e. taking challenges as opportunities for future betterment. * Learn to forgive. Unhealthy ways to cope with stress Unhealthy coping strategies may temporarily reduce stress, but they cause more damage in the long run. egs.

SUCCESS MANTRAS (i) Smoking. (ii) Drinking alcohol. (iii) Taking junk or comfort food. (iv) Sitting for hours infront of T.V. or computer. (v) Withdrawing from family, friends, and activities. (vi) Using pills or drugs to relax. (vii) Sleeping too much.

How to Stay Motivated

Cracking any competitive Exam is not a short term game like ‘One Day’ cricket match. It is a long term game plan of preparation which needs passion to keep you motivated through out your preparation.

Stay Motivated

A. Keep off De-motivators 1. Eliminate your distractions. 2. Don’t lie to yourself. 3. Overcome your weaknesses 4. Don’t set multi-task at a time. 5. Don’t let the past dictate your future. 6. Refuse to be a victim, i.e. kept down by life hurdles and failures. 7. Stop worrying about what is beyond your control. 8. Don’t repeat your mistake.

B. Keep on Motivators

• Discover the ultimate purpose of your goal • Make sure that your goal is under your reach. • See the invisible, i.e- remind yourself of your goal 24/7 time. • Split the final goal into sub-goal, i.e. goal of day, week, month and year. • Target first the goal of the day to achive the goal of week, month & the year. • Make check points for day, week and months to check your preparation progress. • Give break in study to energise yourself. • Surprise yourself by outdoor lunch, game with friend, home-cooking, etc. • Be practical & make actionable strategy. • Discover your strength. • Keep calm and be pressure free. • Learn from your mistake. • Make a plan to target your goal. Because “If you fail to plan, you plan to fail”.

GK-3

SUCCESS MANTRAS • Build a team that target the same goal. • Build a support team of winners to guide, support & motivate you at the need of hour. • Don’t care what others think about you and keep your momentum to reach to destination. • See the hurdles otherwise (i.e. opportunities) to learn something. As Thomas Edison said, “I have not failed. I have just found 9,999 ways that won’t work.” • Write motivational quotes in note-books, posters on the walls, etc. • Keep a motivational role-model. • Listen to motivational musics & songs. • Do Breathing Exercise like yoga • Love others and let others love you.

Planning for Preparation

Planning is important because it tells us how to reach our destination or goal. In the context of the general competition, planning acquires greater significance because one has to cover a comprehensive syllabus in a limited period of time. Good planning really implies maximum results with minimum efforts. And effective planning means that you work out your own mechanism for checking whether you are spending your time effectively or not. Thus, you must focus on the following for success in general competitive Examinations:

Master the Basics

As you are aware that examination bodies like UPSC, State PSC, SSC, etc. have brought changes to the examination in both the pattern and the syllabus, and The questions are likely to test the candidate’s basic understanding of all

relevant issues, and ability to analyze, and take a view on conflicting socio economic goals, objectives and demands. Thus, you don’t have to master the topics, all you need is BASIC UNDERSTANDING and the ability to analyze. Basic understanding comes from reading and re-reading. Ability to analyze what you have understood from reading comes from WRITING PRACTICE.

Start From Weak Areas

There is no syllabus in detail or specific for subject or areas for general studies (G.K.). Any question in GS prelims can be asked from anywhere, so aspirants must begin their planning and study for subject area which they are weak in or afraid the most from. When the weak areas can be overcome, a new confidence will develop that will motivate to cover up other areas/subjects easily and quicker.

Apply Intelligent Meditation in Preparation

It is very important to analyse previous questions asked in Exams and then think over all the aspects and diamensions on which questions can be formed and asked from particular topic or heading.

Prepare Your Own Notes & Mind-Map

Writing notes is very helpful in preparing for the examination, particularly when you study from different sources. Firstly, while writing notes you focus your attention in a more concentrated manner and many of these points remain in your memory if you put them on a Mind Map. Secondly, notes help you in quick revision.

Revision is the key to success Revision is the key to success Revision Strategy

2. Listing 6. Quizzes 4. Application 1. Three Tier on Topics Revision Strategy Topics of Technology 3. Prioritise Monthly Topics/subjects 5. Practise Weekly Test Daily Night *

Morning

Revision is the most important aspect of preparation for any exam, whether it is academic or competitive. But it plays a greater role in selection when an aspirant follows it, because of complexity of syllabus and subjects for competitive exam. Like study strategy, there is no fixed revision format that will suit each and every aspirant.

GP_3404 GK-4

1.

SUCCESS MANTRAS

Aspirants should think over which format can be best and suit them in revision. They can go through others revision techniques before making their own. But revision strategy should be prepared in such a way that help the aspirants to achieve their study goals in the best possible way. For examples: Three Tier Revision Strategy This formate is based on three labels, i.e. day wise, week-wise and month-wise. Daily revision is divided into two stages, morning and late-night. In the morning, aspirants should revise quickly all the subjects, chapters and topics they have studied previous day, thereafter, they start studying new topic for the day. Before going to sleep in the late night after study, they must revise all the points they have studied the whole day. Weekly Revision: It is second stage of revision which covers all the topics,

2.

Trend Analysis of Previous Question Papers

chapters and subjects an aspirant has studied in a week, i.e. from Monday to Saturday. It is mostly fixed on Sunday. Monthly Revision: Like wise weekly revision, monthly revision is the third stage of revision of the same topics and chapters which an aspirant have already revised weekly and daily in a month. The next revision can be after three and six months to freshen up your memory of three and six months studies. It will help the aspirants in building their confidence in preparation and cracking the exam. Listing of Topics for Revision Aspirants study many topics from different subjects and chapters in a day, week and month. But all the topics are not equally relevant and important from exam point of view. So they must list those topics which are important for revision according to their relevance, complexity and marks allocated for the exam.

Example: Topic wise Analysis of last four UPSC civil service (G.S.) Prelims Subject in UPSC Prelim GS Paper Economy

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

18

10

21

29

29

Environment

17

28

22

21

14

Geography

14

10

11

4

7

7

6

11

6

9

4

7

8

3

Agriculture

5

8

Sci – Tech

13

Art &Culture

8

14

Polity & Constitution

18

11

History

International Relation, Defense, Persons in News (PIN) Total MCQ

100

9

100

4

5

9

10

3

11

12

6

100

100

5

6

5

22

100

Observe the table of numbers of question asked in subject in four years. There are wide ups and downs in various subjects each year. So, it’ll be a mistake to presume that since in 2017, the maximum number of MCQs came from Polity and Economy so same will happen in 2018. UPSC and other bodies keep the trend unpredictable to prevent coaching classes and senior players from gaining advantage. Therefore, you must prepare all subjects diligently.

Chandigarh

Gandhinagar

8. Haryana

7. Gujarat

Panaji

Raipur

Patna

Dispur

Itanagar

Hyderabad

New Delhi

Capital

5. Chhattisgarh 6. Goa

3. Assam (Assom) 4. Bihar

1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Arunachal Pradesh

INDIA

India/State

44,212 Punjabi, Haryanvi

196,204 Gujarati

78,550 Assamese, Bengali, 99,200 Bhojpuri, Maithili 135,194 Chattisgarhi, Hindi 3,702 Konkani

Language

3.3 No National Million Language 160205 Telugu, Urdu 83,743 English

Area (Sq.Km)

991

916

01-11-1966 877

01-05-1960 918

30-05- 1987 968

1st April 1912 1st April 1936 1-11-2000

20-02-1987 920/ 1000

Chhath

Bihu

Losar” or The New Year

76.64% 573

Hariyali Teej, Lohri,

Bastar Dussehra, Bhoramdeo 88.70% 394 per Ganesh Chaturthi sq km. 79.31% 310 Makar Sankranti

1,102

397

71.04% 189

63.4%

66.95% 17

Tribes

Ankia Naat Mikirs, Khasis, (Onkeeya) Nagas, Boro Bidesia Kajari Gonda, Mundas, Gaur Panthi, Rawat Agariya, Andh, Nacha Baiga, Bhaina, Dekhnni, Dhodia, Dubla Fugdi (Halpati), Rass-garba Bhils, Barda, Bavacha Saang, Dhamal Meo, Ror

Andh, Bagata, Bhil, Konda Bardo Chham Abor, Aka, Apatani

Sex Literacy Pop. Festivals Dance Ratio Average Density /1000 % (Sq. Km) 15-08-1947 940 73% 382 G.Jayanti, I.Day. & – R. Day 01-10-1953 992 67.7% 308 Sankranti, Ugadi Kuchipudi

Establishment Year

INDIAN STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES

INDIAN PANORAMA

General Knowledge

Srinagar

Shimla

16,579 English

Kohima

Chandigarh

19. Nagaland

21. Punjab

342,239 Hindi, Rajasthani

50,362 Punjabi

Bhubaneshwar 155,820 Odia, English

22. Rajasthan Jaipur

20. Odisha

21,087 Mizo

22,429 Khasi,Garo

17. Meghalaya Shillong

Aizawl

22,327 Meiteilon

414

75.60% 320

67.6%

56

01-11-1956 926

15-08-1947 893

01-04-1936 978

01-12-1963 931

20-02-1987 975

21-01-1972 986

21-01-1972 987

01-05-1960 929

01-11-1956 930 370

67.68% 201

76.68% 550

73.45% 270

80.11% 119

91.58% 52

75.84% 130

79.21% 120

82.9%

70.60% 236

01-07-1949 1,084 93.91% 860

01-11-1956 968

15-11-2000 947

66.7%

83.78% 123

Cheraw, Khuallam Zeliang

Nongkrem`

Manipuri

Badhai, Rai, Saira Lavani, Koli

Bandi Chhor, Vaisakhi, Lohri Gangaur, Teej, Gogaji

Bhangra, Giddha Ghoomar

Chakma, Dimasa, Garo Chakma, Dimasa, Garo Naga, Kuki, Mikir, Garo Agata, Bathudi, Birhor –

Bhil, Bhunjia, Biar, Binjhwar Andh, Baiga, Barda Aimol, Anal, Angami

Losar Shona Bhot, Bodh, Chuksam Gaddi, Gujjar Dumhal, Rouff Balti, Beda, Bot, Boto Karam, Vat Asur, Agaria, savitri Baiga, Banjara Bharatanatyam, Adiyan, Barda, Bolak-aat Bavacha, Bhil Kathakali Adiyan, Arandan

Ganesh Chaturthi Odissi

Shivratri, Bahgoriya Vijayadashami or Dasara Lui-ngai-ni, Ningol Chakouba, Yaoshang Nongkrem, Wangala Chapchar Kut, Thalfavang Kut, Hornbill, Sekrenyi

Jhumar, Paika, Chau, Agni Mysore Dasara, Ugadi Onam

Hemis, Urs

Kullu, Shoolini

18. Mizoram

307,713 Marathi

Thiruvanantha- 38,863 Malayalam, puram English Bhopal 308,245 Hindi

79,714 Santhali, Mundari, Ho 191,791 Kannada

25-01-1971 974

222,236 Kashmiri, Urdu 26-10-1947 883

55,673 Pahari, Kangri

14. Madhya Pradesh 15. Maharash- Mumbai tra 16. Manipur Imphal

13. Kerala

12. Karnataka Bengaluru

11. Jharkhand Ranchi

9. Himachal Pradesh 10. J & K GK-6

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

GP_3404

Gangtok

102

Daman

7. Puducherry Pondicherry

Gujarati, Marathi English, Malayalam

Punjabi English, Gujarati

English, Hindi

492

Malayalam, Tamil

1,484.0 Hindi

32

114 102

Chandigarh Silvassa

Kavaratti

8,073

88,752 Bengali and English

10,491.69 Bengali , Kokborok 53,483 Garhwali, Kumaoni 243,286 Hindi, Urdu

114,840 Telugu, Urdu

Nepali, Bhutia

130,058 Tamil

7,096

Port Blair

Kolkata

Lucknow

Dehradun

Agartala

6. NCT of Delhi New Delhi

27. Uttarakhand 28. Uttar Pradesh 29. West Bengal Union Territory 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2. Chandigarh 3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli 4. Daman and Diu 5. Lakshadweep

26. Tripura

25. Telangana Hyderabad

24. Tamil Nadu Chennai

23. Sikkim

963 820

Eid-Ul-Fitr, Muharram

Garba

Lava, Kolkali

Mando, Vira

Bhangra Tarpa, Bhavada

Pongal

Garadi

86.34% 11,297 Diwali, Eid ul-Fitr –

92.28% 2013

87.07% 2169

Goria, Jhum

Singhi Chham Bhutia, Lepcha, Limboo Adiyan, Bharatanatyam Aranadan, Kuchipudi Andh, Konda

Irulas, Villi

Dhodia, Dubla (Halpati) Koya, Malmi

– Warlis, Dublas

Andamanese, Chariar, Chari

Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal Kandali, Ramman Langvir Nritya Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Raji Makar Sankranti, Kathak Bhotia, Buksa, Chhath Tharu, Baiga Durga Puja, Kali Chau dance Asur, Baiga, Puja Bedia, Chero

Ugadi

Pongal

Maghe, Losar

81.9% 9,300/ Lohri 77.65% 698 Pongal

86.27% 46

77.08% 1,000

69.7%

79.63% 189

94.65% 350

66.50% 310

86

80.33 % 550

82.2%

07-01-1963 1,038 86.34% 2,500

01-02-1992 866

01-11-1956 946

30-05-1987 618

01-11-1966 818 11-08-1961 775

01-11-1956 878

15-08-1947 947

01-04-1937 908

9-11-2000

21-01-1972 961

02-06-2014 –

889

26-01-1950 995

16-5-1975

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE GK-7

GP_3404 GK-8

FOUNDATION DAY OF STATES 1st January

Nagaland Day

21st January

Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura Day

6th Febuary

Jammu and Kashmir Day

20th February

Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh day

11th March

Andman and Nicobar Islands Day

22nd March

Bihar Day (Bihar Diwas)

30th March

Rajasthan Day

1st April

Utkal (Odisha) Day

14th April

Tamil Nadu Day

15th April

Himachal Pradesh Day

1st May

Gujarat and Maharashtra Day

16th May

Sikkim Day

1st November

Chattisgarh

9th November Uttaranchal (Now Uttarakhand) Day 15th November

Jharkhand Day (Jharkhand Diwas)

2nd June (2014) Telangana Day

NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF INDIA Tricolour with saffron at the top, white in the middle and India green at the bottom. The centre has a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra. The flag is designed by Pingali Venkayya. National Emblem The national emblem is the Lion Capital of Asoka at Sarnath which was adopted on 26th January 1950. The motto inscribed on the emblem is in Devanagari script: “Satyameva jayate” which means Truth Alone Triumphs.

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE National Anthem The anthem was composed Jana Gana Mana by Rabindranath Tagore; adopted by the Constituent Assembly 24th January 1950. National Song Vande Mataram

Vande Mataram was composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. It was adopted as the National song of India in 1950.

National Flower Indian lotus is the national flower. It is the representation of purity as it remains flawless despite growing in mud and water. National Fruit

National River

Mango, also known as the ‘King of Fruits’, is the National Fruit of India.

Ganga is the national river of India. It is also the longest river of the country.

National Tree

The Indian Banyan (Ficus bengalensis) is the national tree.

National Bird

Indian peacock (Pavo cristatus) is the national bird of India.

National Flag

National Animal The Tiger known as the Lord of the Jungle is the national animal of India. National Calendar Saka calendar was Saka Calendar introduced as the National calendar by the Calendar Committee in 1957.

GK-9

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Four Ends of India Easternmost point - Kibithu: • On river bank of Lohit separating India & China-Tibet. • At altitude of 3350m in Arunachal Pradesh Westernmost point – Ghuar Mota In kutch, Gujarat

• •

Temp. 45°c in Summer & 20°c in winter. Northernmost Point –Siachen Glacier It is J&K. Southernmost Point Mainland – Kanyakumari (Cape comorin) India’s Territory –Indira Point (Andaman & Nicobar)

CREMATORIUM OF FAMOUS PERSONS

Raj Ghat Mahatma Gandhi Veer Bhumi Rajiv Gandhi Uday Bhoomi Ekta Asthal

K.R. Narayanan

Vijay Ghat

Lal Bahadur Shastri

Shanti Van Samata Asthal

Mahaprayan Ghat

Giani Zail Singh, Chandra Karma Bhumi Shekhar Kishan Ghat Ch. Charan Singh Abhay Ghat Shakti Asthal

AWARDS AND HONOURS

Jawahar Lal Nehru Jagjeevan Ram

Dr. Rajendra Prasad Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Morarji Desai Indira Gandhi

Prize

Field

Nobel Prize

Pulitzer Prize

Peace, literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, (From 1901) and economics (From 1969) Journalism (From 1917)

Booker Prize

Literature (From 1929)

Academy (Oscar) Awards Film (From 1929) Kalinga Award

Grammy Award

Science (From 1952) Music (From 1958)

Ramon Magsaysay Award Government (Public) Service, Social Service, Journalism, Literature, Communication and International Understanding (From 1957) For outstanding contributions in the field of Art/ Literature/ Bharat Ratna Science and Public Service Dada Saheb Phalke Award Film (From 1969) Jnanpith Award

Literature (From 1965)

Shankar Award

Indian Philosophy, Culture and Art

Sarawati Samman

Vachaspati Samman Vyas Samman

Kabir Samman

Dronacharya Award Arjuna Award

Bhatnagar Award

Dhanwantari Award Borlang Award

Literature (From 1991)

Sanskrit Literature (From 1992) Literature

Socio – communal Harmony

Sports Coaching / Training (from 1985) Sports (From 1961)

Science (From 1957)

Medical Science (From 1971) Agriculture (From 1992)

GP_3404 GK-10

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Gallantry Awards Param Vir Chakra: The highest Gallantry Award Mahavir Chakra: The second highest Gallantry Award Vir Chakra: The third highest Gallantry Award Ashok Chakra: The highest peacetime Gallantry Award Kirti Chakra: For conspicuous Gallantry Shaurya Chakra: For an act of Gallantry

BHARAT RATNA: THE HIGHEST CIVILIAN AWARD OF INDIA

Year 1954 1955

Persons Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Dr. Chandrasekhar Venkat Raman Dr. Bhagwan Das, Dr. Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

1961

Rajarshi Purushottam Das Tandon, Dr. Bidhan Chandra (B.C) Roy

1957 1958 1962

1963

1966 1972 1975 1976 1980 1983 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1997 1998 1999 2001 2009 2014 2015

Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant

Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Dr. Zakir Hussain, Dr. Pandurang Vaman (P.V.) Kane Lal Bahadur Shastri (Posthumous) Mrs. Indira Gandhi

Varahagiri Venkata (V.V) Giri

Kumaraswami (K.) Kamraj (Posthumous) Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu (Mother Teresa) Acharya Vinoba Bhave (Posthumous) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Marudur Gopalan (MG) Ramachandran (Posthumous)

Dr. Bhim Rao Ramji Ambedkar (Posthumous), Dr. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

Rajiiv Gandhi (Posthumous), Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel (Posthumous), Morarji Ranchhodji Desai Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhai (J.R.D.) Tata, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Posthumous), Satyajit Ray (Posthumous) Aruna Asaf Ali (Posthumous), Guljarilal Nanda (Posthumous), Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen (A. P.J) Abdul Kalam Madurai Sanmukhavadivu (M.S) Subbulakshmi, Chidambaram (C.) Subramaniam Prof. Amartya sen, Pt. Ravi Shankar, Loknayak Jay Prakash Narayan (Posthumous) and Gopinath Bordoloi (Posthumous) Lata Dinanath Mangeshkar, Ustad Bismillah Khan Pt. Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi

Prof. CN.R. Rao, Sachin Ramesh Tenulkar (1st player and the youngest one to get ‘Bhart Ratna) Atal Bihari Bajpai, Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya (Posthumous)

Note: Lal Bahadur Shastri was the first person to be honoured with Bharat Ratna posthunously and Indira Gandhi was the first woman recipient of Bharat Ratna.

GK-11

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE DADA SAHEB FALKE AWARD Year 1969

Recipient Devika Rani Roerich

1971

Prithvi Raj Kapoor (Posthumously)

1970 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Birendra Nath Sircar Pankaj Mallick

Sulochana (Rubi Myers) B.N. Reddy

Dhiren Ganguly Kanan Devi Nitin Bose

Ray Chandra (R.C.) Boral Sohrab Modi P. Jairaj

Naushad Ali L.V. Prasad

Durga Khote Satyajit Ray

V. Shantaram

B. Nagi Reddy Raj Kapoor

Ashok Kumar

Lata Mangeshkar

Akkineni Nageshwar Rao

1992

Bhalji (Bhalchandra Govind) Pendharkar Dr. Bhupen Hazarika

1994

Dilip Kumar

1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Majrooh Sultanpuri Dr. Rajkumar

Sivaji Ganesan Kavi Pradeep B. R. Chopra

Hrishikesh Mukherjee Asha Bhonsle Yash Chopra

2002

Dev Anand

2004

Adoor Gopalkrishnan

2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Mrinal Sen

Braj Bhushan Chaturvedi Shyam Benegal Manna Dey

V.K. Moorthy

D. Rama Naidu

K. Balachander

Soumitra Chatterjee

Praan Krishan Sikand Gulzar

Shashi Kapoor Manoj Kumar

Kasinathuni Viswanath

SPORTS AWARDS

Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award • It is India’s highest honour given for achievement in sports since 1991-92. • First Awardee 1991-92 Viswanathan Anand (Chess). Sania Mirza is for 2014-15. • Devendra Jhajharia & Sardar Singh 2017. Arjuna Award • The Arjuna Awards were instituted in 1961 by the Ministry of Youth. • From the year 2001, the award is given only in disciplines: • Olympic Games, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, World Cup • World Championship Disciplines and Cricket • Indigenous Games • Sports for the Physically challenged Dronacharya Award Dronacharya Award is instituted in 1985 for sports coaching. Dhyanchand Award Dhyanchand Award is India’s highest award for lifetime achievement in sports and games, instituted in 2002.

GP_3404 GK-12

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the parent agency of Indian space agencies which was established on 15th August 1969. The headquarter of this organisation is at Bangalore, founded by Vikram Sarabhai.

SPACE SCIENCE

Indian Space Programme At a Glance Satellite

Date

Launch Vehicle Place

Remarks

Aryabhatta

19th April, 1975

Cosmos

Baikonur

Experimental

Rohini

10th August, 1979 S L V-3

Sriharikota

Experimental

Bhaskara I

Rohini RS-1 Rohini D1 Apple

Bhaskara II

7th June, 1979

Cosmos

18th July, 1980

S L V-3

19th June, 1981

Ariane

31st May, 1981

S L V-3

INSAT-IA

20th November, Cosmos 1981 10th April, 1982 Delta

IRS-1B

29th August, 1991 Vostok

SROSS I

24th March, 1987 ASLV D-1

Ocean Sat-1 or 26th May, 1999 PSLV-C2 IRS P4 INSAT-3B 22nd March, 2000 Ariane-5 GSAT-1

EDUSAT

18th April, 2001

GSLV-D1

AGILE

20th September, GSLV-F01 2004 23rd April, 2007 PSLV-C8

CHANDRAYAAN-1

22nd 2008

Tech SAR RISAT-1

YOUTHSAT

21st 2008

January, PSLV-C10

October, PSLV-C11

26th April, 2012 20th April, 2011

Megha-Tropiques 12th 2011

PSLV-C19 PSLV-C16

October, PSLV-C18

Baikonur

Sriharikota Sriharikota Kourou

Baikonur America

Sriharikota Baikonur

Sriharikota Kourou

Sriharikota Sriharikota Sriharikota Sriharikota Sriharikota Sriharikota Sriharikota Sriharikota

Jugnu

12th 2011

October, PSLV-C18

Sriharikota

MOM

5th November, PSLV-C25 2013

Sriharikota

SARAL

25th 2013

February, PSLV-C20

Sriharikota

Earth Observation Experimental

Earth Observation Communication

Earth Observation Communication

Science and Exploration Earth Observation Earth Observation Communication Communication Communication Astronomy

Surveillance

Moon Mission

Radar Imaging

Experimental/Small Satellite Earth Observation Satellite, Climate and Environment Student Satellite

Earth Observation Satellite

Geo-Stationary Satellite

GK-13

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE SathyabamaSat

22 June 2016

PSLV-C34

Sriharikota

Technology Applications

Pratham

26 Sept. 2016

PSLV-C35

Sriharikota

Technology Applications

Swayam-1 GSAT-18

22 June 2016 6 October 2016

PSLV-C34

Sriharikota

Ariane-5 ECA

INS-1A (ISRONanoSatellite 1A)

15 February 2017 PSLV-C37

GSAT-19 (GSAT-19E)

5 June 2017

CartoSat-2E

23 June 2017

*Communications *Technology Applications

Centre Spa- Communications tial Guyanais,Kourou Sriharikota

Technology Applications

South Asia 5 May 2017 Satellite(GSAT-9)

GSLV Mk.II

Sriharikota

Communications

NIUSat

PSLV-C38

Sriharikota

Technology Applications

GSAT-17

IRNSS-1H

23 June 2017 29 June 2017

GSLV Mk.III-D1 PSLV-C38

Ariane-5 ECA

2 September 2017 PSLV-C39

Sriharikota Sriharikota

Communications Earth Sciences

Centre Spa- Communications tial Guyanais,Kourou Sriharikota

Navigation/Global Positioning

SPACE & NUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTRES

Research Centre

Place

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)

Mumbai

Centre of Earth Science’s Studies

Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala)

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) College of Satellite Communication Technology Electronics Corporation of India Limited Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL)

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Physical Research Laboratory Radio Astronomy Centre

Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Space Application Centre Space Commision

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station Uranium Corporation of India Limited Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre

Trombay (Mumbai) Ahmedabad Hyderabad

Alwaye (Kerala) Bengaluru

Ahmedabad

Ootacamund (Tamil Nadu, Ooty) Kolkata

Ahmedabad Bengaluru Mumbai

Thumba (Kerala)

Jadugora (Jharkhand) Thiruvananthapuram

GP_3404 GK-14

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) is a space probe, launched on 24 September, 2014. The mission focuses on developing the technologies for designing, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission. The probe carries five instruments for gathering knowledge about Mars. The space craft is now jointly monitored by ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bangalore, and Indian Deep Space Network antennae at Byalalu.

DEFENCE & SECURITY Defence of India The supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces is the President of India.

1. Army Command and Headquarters Command

Headquarters

Western Command

Chandimandir

Northern Command

Udhampur

Army Training Comm.

Jaipur

Headquarters Kolkata

Central Command

Lucknow

Southern Command

Shimla

South Western Comm.

Command Eastern Command

Pune

2. Navy Command and Headquarters: Command Eastern Command

Western Command

Headquarters Visakhapatnam Mumbai

Command Southern Command

Headquarters Kochi

3. Air Force Command and Headquarters: Command

Headquarters

Eastern Air Comd.

Shillong

Southern Air Comd.

Thiruvananthapuram

South-West Air Comd. Maintenance Comd.

Gandhinagar Nagpur

Internal Security of India

Command

Headquarters

Western Air Comd.

New Delhi

Training Comd.

Bangalore

Central Air Comd.

Allahabad

Organization

Year

Headquarters

Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)

1939

New Delhi

1962

New Delhi

National Cadet Corps (NCC)

1948

Border Security Force (BSF)

1965

Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)

1969

New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi

GK-15

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Defence Training Institutions of India Institutions National Defence Academy (NDA) National Defence College (NDC) Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC) Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) Air Force School College of Air Warfare Air Force Academy I.N.S. Chilka I.N.S. Mandovi Indian Naval Academy

Research Centres of India

Places Khadakwasla (near Pune) New Delhi Dehradun Pune Sambra (Belgaum) Secunderabad Hyderabad Chilka Goa Ezhimala

Centres Indian Agricultural Research Institute Central Rice Research Institute Central Potato Research Institute Central Forest Research Institute IINRG, Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums National Diary Research Institute Central Mining Research Institute Central Jute Technological Research Institute National Geophysics Research Institute Tata Institute of Fundamental Research High Altitude Research Laboratory Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology

Places New Delhi Cuttack Shimla Dehradun Ranchi Karnal Dhanbad Kolkata Hyderabad Mumbai Leh Hyderabad

Nuclear and Space Research Centres in India Centres India Rare Earths Limited Uranium Corporation of India Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Space Applications Centre

Missiles of India

Astra- Air-to-air missile Prithvi I- Surface to Surface Prithvi II- Surface to Surface Prithvi III- Surface to Surface Dhanush- Surface to Surface Agni I- Surface to Surface Shaurya- Surface to Surface Trishul- Surface-To-Air Missile Akash- Surface-To-Air Missile

Places Mumbai Singhbhum Trombay (Mumbai) Kolkata Thiruvanthapuram Bangalore Ahmedabad

Maitri- Surface-To-Air Missile Barak2- Surface-To-Air Missile BrahMos- Supersonic Cruise Missile BrahMos II- Hypersonic Cruise Missile K-15 Sagarika- Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile Nag - Anti-Tank Guided Missile Helina - Anti-Tank Guided Missile Nirbhay- Subsonic Cruise Missile Agni V- Intercontinental ballistic Missile

GP_3404 GK-16

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Nuclear Explosion in India First-explosion carried out on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran in Rajasthan (Thar) desert. Its code name was “Smiling Buddha”. Second N. Explosion code name “Operation” Shakti-98 having 5 series Shakti-I, II & III were tested on 11 May, 1998 at 3.43 p.m. and Shakti-IV & V on 13 May at 12.21 p.m. at Pokhran (Rajasthan). Dr. A.P.J. Kalam was the Project Leader. He was also scientific advisor to Defence Minister and head of DRDO too. George Fernandes was Defence Minister. “India is now a nuclear weapon state”. – Said p.m. A.B.Vajapayee on Thursday 14 May 1998.

POWER STATION IN INDIA

Power station

Operator

Establishment Date

Location

State

Tarapur Atomic Power Station

NPCIL

1969

Tarapur

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

NPCIL

2013

Kudankulam Tamil Nadu

Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Kakrapar Atomic Power Station Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant

Madras Atomic Power Station Narora Atomic Power Station

Gorakhpur Atomic Power Station

NPCIL

1973

NPCIL

1993

NPCIL

2000

NPCIL

1984

NPCIL

1991

NPCIL

Talcher Super Thermal Power Station NTPC Sipat Thermal Power Plant

1995

NTPC

2008

Maharashtra

Rawatbhata Rajasthan Kakrapar Kaiga

Gujarat

Karnataka

Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu Narora

Fatehabad Kaniha Sipat

Uttar Pradesh Haryana Odisha

Chhattisgarh

Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power NTPC Station

2013

Singrauli

Bhusawal Thermal Power Station

1983

1968

Jamani Palli Chattish Gahr

Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project

Korba Super Thermal Power Plant

Tata Power

Satpura Thermal Power Station

MAHAGENCO MPPGCL

Durgapur Thermal Power Station

DVC

Sterlite Jharsuguda Power Station

•• •• •• •• •• •• ••

1967

Vedanta

Founders of Indian Institutions •• •• •• ••

2009

NTPC

Arya Samaj-Swami Dayanand Saraswathi Athmiya Sabha-Raja Ram Mohan Roy Brahma Samaj-Raja Ram Mohan Roy Deccan Education Society-G.G.Agarkar, M.G.Ranade, V.G.Gibhongar Dharma Sabha-Radhakanthadev Indian Brahma Samaj-Keshav Chandra Sen Manavadharma Sabha-Durgaram Manjaram Prarthana Samaj-Athmaram Pandurang Pune Sewa S adan-Smt.Remabhai Ranade, G.K.Devdhar Ramakrishna Mission-Swami Vivekananda Sadharan Brahma Samaj-Shivananda Sashtri, Anand Mohan Bose

2006

•• •• •• •• •• ••

1996

Mundra

Deepnagar Sarni

Madhya Pradesh Gujarat

Maharastra Madhya Pradesh

Jharsuguda Odisha Durgapur

West Bengal

Servants of India Society-Gopalakrishna Gokhale Sewa Sadan-Bahuramji M.Malabari Sewa Samithi-H.N.Kunsru Social Service League-N.M.Joshi Thathwabodhini Sabha- Debendranatha Tagore Theosophical Society-Madam H.P. Blavadski, Col.H.L.Olkott

Founders of Towns in India •• •• •• •• •• ••

Agra- Sikkandar Lodhi Ahmedabad - Ahmed Shah Ajmeer- Ajaypal Chauhan Allahabad- Akbar Culcutta- Job Charnok Delhi- Anankapalan

GK-17

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE •• •• •• ••

Fathepur Sikri - Akbar Hisar- Ferozshah Tuglaq Hyderabad - Quli Qutabshah Jodhpur- Rao Jodha

•• •• ••

Mahabalipuram - Narasimhawarman Siri- Alaudden Khilji Vijayanagaram - Hariharan 1

FIRST IN INDIA (MALE)

First governor of Bengal

Lord Clive(1758-60)

The first British Governor General of Bengal

Lord Warren Hasting(1774-1885)

The first British Viceroy of India

Lord Canning(1856-62)

Last governor of Bengal

The first British Governor General of India The first Governor General of free India

Warren Hastings(1772-74)

Lord William Bentinck(1833-1835) Lord Mountbatten(1947-1948)

The first and the last Indian to be Governor General C. Rajgopalachari(1948-1950) of free India The first President of Indian Republic

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

The first Indian to win Nobel Prize

Rabindranath Tagore

The first Prime Minister of free India

The first President of Indian National Congress

Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru W.C. Banerjee

The first Muslim President of Indian National Congress Badruddin Tayyabji The first Muslim President of India

Dr. Zakir Hussain

The first Indian to join the I.C.S

Satyendra Nath Tagore

The first man who introduced printing press in India James Hicky India’s first man in Space

Rakesh Sharma

The first Prime Minister of India who resigned without Morarji Desai completing the full term The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of India

General Cariappa

The first President of India who died while in office

Dr. Zakhir Hussain

The first Chief of Army Staff

Gen. Maharaj Rajendra Singhji

The first Prime Minister of India who did not face the Charan Singh Parliament The first Field Marshal of India

S.H.F. Manekshaw

The first Indian to receive Bharat Ratna award

Dr. Radhakrishnan

The first Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics The first Indian to cross English Channel The first Speaker of the Lok Sabha The first Vice-President of India The first Education Minister

The first Home minister of India The first chief of Army staff

C.V.Raman Mihir Sen

Ganesh Vasudeva Mavalankar Dr. Radhakrishnan Abdul Kalam Azad

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel K.M. Cariappa

GP_3404 GK-18

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

The first Judge of International Court of Justice

Dr. Nagendra Singh

The first Chief Election Commissioner

Sukumar Sen

The first person to reach Mt. Everest without oxygen

Sherpa Anga Dorjee

The first person of Indian origin to receive Nobel Prize Hargovind Khurana in Medicine The first person to receive Nobel Prize in Economics

Amartya Sen

The first Indian Pilot

J.R.D. Tata (1929)

The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court

Justice Hirala J. Kania

FIRST IN INDIA (FEMALE)

The first lady to become Miss World

Reita Faria

The first woman Ambassador

C.B. Muthamma

The first woman judge in Supreme Court The first woman Governor of a state in free India The first woman Speaker of a State Assembly The first woman Prime Minister

The first woman Minister in a Government The first woman to climb Mount Everest

The first woman to climb Mount Everest twice

Mrs. Meera Sahib Fatima Bibi Sarojini Naidu Shanno Devi

Indira Gandhi

Rajkumari Amrit Kaur Bachhendri Pal Santosh Yadav

The first woman President of Indian National Congress Annie Besant The first woman pilot in Indian Air Force

Harita Kaur Dayal

The first woman Airline Pilot

Durga Banerjee

The first woman Graduates

The first woman Olympic medal Winner

Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi Basu, 1883 Karnam Malleswari, 2000

The first woman President of United Nations General Vijaya Laxmi Pandit Assembly The first woman Chief Minister of an Indian State

Sucheta Kripalani

The first and last Muslim woman ruler of India

Razia Sultan

The first woman IPS officer

The first woman to receive Ashoka Chakra The first woman to cross English Channel The first woman to receive Nobel Prize

The first woman to receive Bharat Ratna

Kiran Bedi

Neerja Bhanot Arati Saha

Mother Teresa Indira Gandhi

GK-19

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

FAMOUS NICKNAMES OF EMINENT PERSONS Nickname

Person

Father of the Nation, Bapu

Mahatma Gandhi

Napoleon of India

Samudragupta

Iron Man of India

Shakespeare of India Mahamana

Deshbandhu

Deenabandhu Punjab Kesari

Nightingale of India Lady with the lamp

Tota-e-Hind (Parrot of India) Shri Guruji

Superlatives : India Structures •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• ••

Highest Tower ( Minaret ) – Qutub Minar Higher Gateway – Buland Darwaza Highest Dam – Bhakra Dam Highest Bridge – Chenab Bridge Highest Airport- Leh Air Port in Ladakh (3256 m/ 16080 ft high) Highest Hydel Power Station- Rongtong Hydel Project in Kinnaur (H.P) Highest Mountain Peak- Kanchenjunga Highest Road- Road at Khardungla in the Leh-Manali Sector Highest Waterfall- Jog Waterfall, Karnataka Largest Residence – Antilia Bhawan built by Mukesh Ambani Largest Museum – National Museum Delhi Largest River Barrage – Farakka Barrage Biggest Auditorium (Mumbai) – Sri Shanmukhanand Hall Largest zoo – Arignar Anna Zoological Park Largest Cave Temple – Ellora Largest Gurudwara – Golden Temple, Amritsar Largest Mosque – Taj-ul-Masjid at Bhopal(M.P) with area-430,000 sq. ft, & capacity 1.75 lakh people. Largest Man-made Lake – Govind Sagar (Bhakra)

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Kalidasa

Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya Chittaranjan Das C.F.Andrews

Lala Lajpat Rai Sarojini Naidu

Florence Nightingale Amir Khushro

M.S.Golwalkar •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• ••

Largest Dome – Gol Gumbaz (Karnataka) Largest Cantilever Bridge – Howrah Bridge Longest Railway Tunnel- Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel (11 km) Longest Road Tunnel - 9.2 km long tunnel on Jammu-Srinagar National Highway Largest Church- Se Cathedral at Old Goa Largest Delta- Sunderbans (75,000 sq km) Largest Stupa- Kesariya Stupa in Bihar Largest Library- National Library, Kolkata Largest Planetarium- Birla Planetarium, Kolkata. Largest Prison- Tihar Jail, Delhi Longest River Bridge – Bandra-Worli sea link which is 5.6 km. Largest Corridor – Rameshwaram Temple Corridor Largest irrigation Canal-Indira Gandhi Canal or Rajasthan Canal (959 km long) Longest Dam-Hirakund Dam on Mahanadi river in Odisha (24.4 km long) Longest Railway Bridge – Nehru Setu Bridge (4.62 km) long Tallest Statues – Statue of Jain Saint Gomateswara at Sravanabelagola in Karnataka Oldest Monastery- Buddhist Monastery at Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. Largest mall- Lulu Mall Kochi

GP_3404 GK-20

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Natural •• •• •• ••

Longest River – Ganges Largest Desert – Thar ( Rajasthan) Largest Fresh Water Lake-Kolleru in Andhra Pradesh Largest Cave- Amarnath (about 44 km from Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir)

SOBRIQUETS

A sobriquet is a nickname, Occasionally assumed and often given by another. Person

Primary Names

Anna

C N Annadurai

Buddha

Siddhartha Gautama

Badshah Khan/ Frontier Gandhi Chacha/Panditji

Grand Old Man of India Gurudev

Lokmanya Loknayak

Man of Peace Netaji

Punjab kesari Rajaji

Saint of the Gutters

Abdul Ghaffar Khan Jawaharlal Nehru

Dadabhai Naoroji

Rabindranath Tagore Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Jayaprakash Narayan Lal Bahadur Shastri

Subhash Chandra Bose Lala Lajpat Rai

C Rajagopalachari

Places

Mother Teresa

Bengal’s Sorrow

Damodar Rever, India

City of Palaces

Kolkata, India

Primary Names

City of Golden Temple Amritsar, India Diamond City in India Surat, Gujarat

Garden City of India

Bengaluru

Gateway of India

Mumbai

Garden of India Pink City

Kashmir

Jaipur, India

Queen of Arabian Sea Kochi, India Spice Garden of India Kerala Blue Mountains

Census 2011

Niligiri Hills, India

• It is the 15th National Census survey conducted by the Census Organization of India. • Mr. C. Chandramouli -Commissioner & Registrar General of the Census 2011. • Survey has been conducted in 2 phases house listing and population.

• Population of India – 1,210,193,422 with 623, 724, 248 males and 586,469, 174 females. • Total literacy rate: 74.04%. • Density of population: 382 persons/ sq.km • Sex ratio: 940 females per 1000 males • Child sex ratio: 914 females per 1000 males HIGH POPULATION 1

Uttar Pradesh

199,812,341

3

Bihar

104,099,452

2

4 5

Maharashtra West Bengal

Andhra Pradesh

112,374,333 91,276,115 84,580,777

GK-21

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

WORLD PANORAMA COUNTRIES : CAPITAL, LANGUAGE & THEIR CURRENCY Country

Capital

Chief Language

Currency

Afghanistan

Kabul

Pushtu Dari

Afghani

Algeria

Argentina

Australia

Azerbaijan

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Belgium

Bhutan

Bolivia

Brazil

Bulgaria

Cambodia

Canada

China

Colombia

Algiers

Buenos Aires

Canberra

Baku

Manama

Dhaka

Brussels

Thimphu

La Paz; Sucre

Brazilia Sofia

Phnom-Penh

Ottawa

Beijing

Bogota

Congo Formerly Zaire Kinshasa

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cuba

Czech Republic

Denmark

Egypt

Ethiopia

Fiji

Finland

France

French Guiana

Georgia

Germany

Greece

Haiti

Hong Kong

Hungary

San Jose

Zagreb

Havana

Prague

Copenhagen

Cairo

Addis Ababa

Suva

Helsinki

Paris

Caine

Tbilisi

Berlin

Athens

Port-au-Prince

Victoria

Arabic, French

Spanish

English

Azeri

Arabic, English

Bangla

Flemish (Dutch), French, German

Dzongkha

Aymara Spanish, Quechua

Portuguese Bulgarian

Khmer

French, English

Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

French

Spanish

Croatian

Spanish

Czech

Danish

Arabic

Amharic

English

Finnish, Swedish

French

French

Georgian

German

Greek

French

English, Chinese

Algerian Dinar

Argentine Peso

Australian Dollar

Manat

Bahraini Dinar

Taka

Euro

Ngultrum

Boliviano

Real Lev

Riel

Canadian Dollar

Yuan

Peso

Congolese Franc

Colon

Kuna

Peso

Koruna

Krone

Egyptian Pound

Birr

Fijian Dollar

Euro

Euro

Euro

Lari

Euro

Euro

Gourde

Hong Kong Dollar

India

Budapest

New Delhi

Hungarian

Forint

Indonesia

Jakarta

Bahasa Indonesian, Dutch, English Javanese

Rupiah

Hindi (official), English and 22 officially recognised regional languages

Rupee

GP_3404 GK-22

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Country

Capital

Chief Language

Currency

Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, North Korea, South Kuwait Lebanon Libya Malaysia

Teheran Baghdad Dublin Jerusalem Rome Tokyo Amman Astana Nairobi Pyongyang Seoul Kuwait city Beriut Tripoli Putrajaya (formerly Kuala Lumpur) Port Louis Mexico city Ulan Bator Naypyidar or Pyinmana (formerly Yangon) Amsterdam Wellington Abuja Oslo Muscat Islamabad

Persian (Farsi), Turk, Kurdish, Arabic Arabic, Kurdish Irish, English Hebrew, Arabic Italian Japanese Arabic, English Kazakh, Russian, German Kiswahili, English, Kikuyu Korean Korean Arabic, English Arabic, French, English Arabic Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil

Rial Iraqi Dinar Euro Shekel Euro Yen Jordan Dinar Tenge Shilling Won Won Kuwait Dinar Pound Libyan Dinar Ringgit

English, French, Creole, Hindustani Spanish, Amerindian languages Mangolian Burmeses and tribal languages

Rupee Mauritian Mexico Peso Togrog Kyat

Dutch English and Maori dialect English, Hansa, Ibo, Yoruba Norwegian Arabic Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pusthu, Baluchi, Brahvi, English Filipino, English, Spanish Polish Portuguese Arabic, English Russian Arabic Serbo-Croatian (official), Albanian Malay, Chinese, Tamil, English Arabic, English, Italian Afrikaans, English Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician

Euro New Zealand Dollar Naira Krone Omani Rial Pakistani Rupee

Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Myanmar Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan

Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka

Sudan Sweden

Manila Wrsaw Lisbon Doha Moscow Riyadh Belgrade Singapore city Mogadishu Capetown Madrid Colombo

Khartoum Stockholm

Sinhala, Tamil, English

Arabic, English, Dinka, Nubian Swedish

Peso Zloty Euro Riyal (QAR) Russian ruble Rial (SAR) Dinar Singapore Dollar Somali Shilling Rand Euro

Sri Lankan Rupee

Sudanese Pound Krona

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Country

Capital

Chief Language

Currency

Switzerland Syria Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Vietnam Yemen Zimbabwe

Berne Damascus Bangkok Ankara Abu Dhubi London Washington D.C.

German, French, Italian, Romansch Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian Thai, Chinese, English, Malay Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic Arabic English, Welsh, Scots, Gaelic English

Swiss Franc Syrian Pound Thai Baht Turkish Lira Dirham Pound Sterling Dollar

Hanoi Sana’a Harare

Vietnamese, French, English, Chinese Dong Arabic Rial English, Shona, Ndebela Dollar (ZWD)

THE NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

Country Australia Barbados Canada Denmark France Guyana India Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Papua New Guinea Sri Lanka Syria Turkey

Emblem Kangaroo Head of a Trident White Lily Beach Lily Canje Pheasant Lion Capital Shamrock White Lily Chrysanthemum Lion with Crown Lion Lion Bird of paradise Lion Eagle Crescent & Star

Country England Bangladesh Belgium Chile Dominica Germany Hong Kong Israel Ivory Coast Lebanon Mongolia New Zealand Pakistan Spain Sierra Leone Sudan

Emblem Rose Water Lily Lion Candor & Huemul Sisserou Parrot Corn Flower Bauhinia (Orchid Tree) Candelabrum Elephant Cedar Tree The Soyombo Southern Cross, Kiwi, Fern Crescent Eagle Lion Secretary Bird

NATIONAL ANIMALS OF THE MAJOR COUNTRIES Country Afghanistan Albania Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China Denmark Japan-bird Myanmar

Animals Snow Leopard Golden Eagle Kangaroo Royal Bengal tiger Jaguar North American beaver (bird) Giant Panda Mute Swan Green Pheasant Tiger

Country Nepal New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Spain United Kingdom United States India Kuwait Belgium

Animal Cow Kiwi Markhor Springbok Bull Barbary Lion Bald Eagle Bengal Tiger Camel Lion

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

OFFICIAL BOOKS Blue Book : An official report of the British Government Green Book : An official publication of Italy and Persia Grey Book : An official reports of the Government of Japan and Belgium Orange Book : An official Publications of the Government of Netherlands White Book : An official Publications of China, Germany and Portugal Yellow Book : French official Book White Paper : An official paper of the Government of Britain and India on a particular issue Red Data Book : Russian official book which contains lists of species whose continued existence is threatened.

WORLD’S MOST POWERFUL INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES

Detective Agency Ministry of State Security Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) FSB State Security Agency Inter Service Intelligence (ISI) MI (Military Intelligence) 5 and 6, Special Branch, Joint Intelligence org. Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Intelligence Bureau (IB)

Country China Australia

Detective Agency VAJA MOSSAD

Russia Egyption Homeland Security South Africa PSIA Pakistan Iraqi National Intelligence Service UK Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Federal Bureau of investigation (FBI) INDIA DGSE (Direction General Dela Securite Exterieure

Country Iran Israel

Egypt Japan Iraq

USA

France

LIST OF PARLIAMENT OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

Country

Parliament Name

Country

India

Sansad/Parliament

China

National Peoples Congress Russia

Pakistan

Bangladesh Bhutan

National Assembly Jatiya Sansad Tsondu

Maldeep Span

Nepal

France

Parliament Name Majlis

Cortes

Rastriya Panchayat Duma

National Assembly

Srilanka

Parliament of Sri Lanka

Iran

Majlis

Canada

Parliament

Turkey

Grand National Assembly

Afganistan England

Australia USA

Germany Taiwan Japan Israil

Shora

Parliament

Parliament Congress

Wondstag Yuan Diet

Neset

Malasiya

Switzerland

Diwan Nigara

Fedral Assembly

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

COUNTRIES & NEWS AGENCIES Agency Associated Press (AP)

Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst Australian Associated Press Agence Parisienne de Presse Antara Associated Israel Press (AIP)

Agenzia Nazionale Stampa (Associate (ANSA) Associated Press of Pakistan Algemeen Nederlands Agence France Presse (AFP) Australian United Press Anadol Ajansi Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha China News Service, XinHua Deutsche Presse Agentur Exchange and Telegraph Company

Country USA

Germany

Australia France Indonesia Israel

Italy

Country Spain

Europa Press

Interfax

Islamic Republic News Agency Indonesian National News Agency Kyodon Tsushin Kenya News Agency

Pakistan Netherlands France Australia Turkey Bangladesh

China Germany UK

Agency

Middle East News Agency

Malaysian National News Agency Novosti

Press Trust of India (PTI) Petra Reuters

United News of India (UNI) WAFA

Russia

Iran Indonesia Japan Kenya

Egypt

Malaysia Russia

India Jordan UK

India Palastine

INTERNATIONAL NEWS PAPERS

Newspaper Al Ahram

Place Cairo

Newspaper Mardeka

Place Jakarta

Dawn

Karachi

New York Times

New York

Bangladesh Observer Dhaka China Times

Daily Telegraph Daily Mirror Daily Mail

Daily News

Eastern Sun Ezestia

Financial Times Independent

Khaleej Times Le Monde

La Republica La Figaro

Taiwan U.K.

London

London

New York Singapore

Mainichi Shimbun New Statesman People’s Daily Pravda

Red Flag Star

Toronto Star

Moscow (Russia) The Hindu London (U.K) London (U.K) Dubai (UAE)

Paris (France) Rome (Italy)

Paris (France)

The Island

The Times of India The Sun

The Gardian The Times

Washington Post

Tokyo U.K.

Beijing

Moscow China

Johanesberg Canada

Chennei, India

Colombo (Sri Lanka) India U. K.

London (UK) London (UK)

Washington, USA

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Significant Symbols or Signs 1. Black Flag – 2. Flag flown at half mast – 3. Flag flown upside down – 4. A blindfolded woman holding a balanced – scale 5. Black strip on face arm – 6. Lotus – 7. Olive Branch – 8. One skull on two bones crossing each other – diagonally 9. Pen – 10. Pigeon of Dove – 11. Red Cross – 12. Red Flag – 13. Yellow Flag – 14. White Flag – 15. Wheel (Chakra) –

Symbol of protest Symbol of national mouming Symbol of distress Symbol of justice

Monument Statue of Liverty (New York) Taj Mahal (Agra) Eiffel Tower (Paris) Great Wall of China

Monument Leaning Tower of Pisa Emperial Palace (Tokyo) Opera House (Sydney) Kinder Disk

Sign of mouming or protest Culture and civilization Symbol of peace Sign of danger

Symbol of culture and civilization Symbol of peace Medical aid and hospital Revolution; also sign of danger Flown on ships or vehicles carrying patients suffering from infectious diseases Symbol of truce Symbol of progress

NATIONAL MONUMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

Pyramid (Giza)

B. Line

Country USA India France China Egypt

IMPORTANT BOUNDARY LINES Between

49th Parallel U.S.A. & Canada

Maginot Line Germany & France

Radcliffe Line India & Pakistan

McMahon Line

Kremlin (Moscow)

India & China

MAJOR LANGUAGES SPOKEN

Language Mandarin Chinese Spanish English Arabic Hindi

Speaker 882 million 392 million 312-380 million 206-422 million 310 million

B. Line

Between

Hindenburg Line Mannerhiem Line 38th Parallel

Germany & Poland

Durand Line

Country Italy Japan Australia Denmark Russia

Russia & Finland

North & South Korea

Pakistan & Afghanistan

MAJOR RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD

Religion

Member

Percentage

Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism Sikhism

2.1 billion 1.5 billion 900 million 376 million 23 million

33.0% 21% 14% 6% 0.36%

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

INTERNATIONAL AWARDS Nobel Prize

Golden Globe Awards

• It was set up in 1895 under the will of Al-

fred Nobel.

• The Nobel prizes are presented annually on 10 December (The death anniversary of the founder). • It is given in the fields of Peace, Literature, Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine (from 1901) and Economics (from 1969). Nobel Prize (Indian/ Indian origin) 1913: L iterature – Rabindranath Tagore; was also the first Asian to win the prize 1930: Physics – C. V. Raman

1968: M edicine – Har Gobind Khorana; US citizen of Indian origin

1979: P eace – Mother Teresa; Indian citizen of Albanian origin

1998: Economics – Amartya Sen

2009: Chemistry – Venkatraman Ramakrishnan; US citizen of Indian origin

2014: Peace – Kailash Sathyarthi

Important Facts related with Nobel Prize

Country

United States

Awarded for

Excellence in film and television

Presented by First Awarded

Marie Curie

Irene Joliot Curie

Father (Physics)

Mother (Phy, Chem)

Daughter (Chemistry)

Person Refusing Nobel Prize 1931

Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Literature)

1973

Le Duc Tho (Peace)

1961 1964

Dag Hammarskjold (Peace)

Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature)

Grammy Awards Country

United States

Awarded for

Outstanding achievements in the music industry

Presented by First awarded

National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences 1959

1944

• AR Rehman is the first Indian to win Golden Globe Award in 2009 (Slumdog).

Pulitzer Prize Country

United States

First awarded

1917

Presented by Awarded for

Columbia University

Excellence in newspaper journalism, literary achievements and musical composition

Ramon Magsaysay Award Country

Philippines

Presented by

Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation

Awarded for

Unique Winners Pierre Curie

Hollywood Foreign press Association

First awarded

Outstanding contributions in six categories of government. Service, public service and other fields (Given to Asian Individuals) 1957

India’s International Awards Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize It was instituted in 1995 at 125th birth aniversary and awarded by Government of India to encourage and promote Gandhian values worldwide. • First recipient (1995): Julius Nyerere (Tanzania) • Last recipient (2014): ISRO (India)

Jawaharlal Nehru Award

It was instituted in 1965 by Government of India for international understanding, goodwill and friendship. • First recipient (1965) : U Thant (3rd UN Secretary-General)

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

• Last recipient (2009) : Angela Markel (Germany’s First Female Chancellor)

Indira Gandhi Peace Prize

It was instituted in 1986 by Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust. It is awarded for peace, disarmament and development. • First recipient (1986) : to Parliamentarians for Global Action. • Last recipient (2015) : UNHCR.

World Beauty Contests Miss World

It was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley in 1951. Since his death in 2000,

Morley’s wife, Julia Morley, co-chairs the pageant. Its headquarter is at London (UK). Reita Faria Powell, the first Indian to win the Miss World in 1966.

Miss Universe

• It is an annual international beauty contest that is run by the Miss Universe Organisation. The contest was founded in 1952, by California Clothing Company Pacific Mills. Its headquarters is at New York City (US). • Sushmita Sen is the first Indian woman to win the Miss Universe contest in 1994.

UNITED NATIONS

Quick Facts •• •• •• •• ••

•• ••

Membership: 193 Member States Established: 24 October 1945 Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish. United Nations Day, 24 October Based on five principal organs (formerly six–the Trusteeship Council suspended operations in 1994, upon the independence of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory); the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice. General Assembly: 193 Member States Security Council: 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent

The Permanent Members of the Security Council •• ••

The Peoples’ Republic of China; The Republic of France;

Name

Country Norway

Dag Hammarskjoeld

U-Thant

Kurt –Waldheim

Javier Perez de Cuellar

Boutros Boutros Ghali

Ban-Ki-moon

•• ••

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; The Russian Federation; and\ The United States of America.

The UN Flag and the Emblem

The UN General Assembly adopted the UN flag on 20 Oct. 1947. The white UN emblem is super-imposed on a light blue back ground.

Aims and Objectives

The Main objectives of the UN are : (1) To maintain peace and security in the world. (2) To work together to remove poverty, disease and illiteracy and encourage respect for each other’s rights of basic freedom. (3) To develop friendly relations among nations. (4) To be a centre to help nations achieve these common goals.

SECRETARY GENERALS OF UNO AND THEIR TENURE

Trigve Lie

Kofi Annan

••

Antonio Guterres

Sweden

Tenure 1946-1952

1953-1961

Myanmar (Burma)

1961-1971

Egypt

1992-1996

Austria

Peru

Ghana

S. Korea

Portugal

1972-1982 1982-1991

1997-2006

2007- 2 Jan, 2017

3 January, 2017 - till date

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

WORLD ORGANISATIONS AND THEIR HEADQUARTERS Asian Development Bank (ADB)

Manila (Philippines)

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) African Union (AU)

Brussels (Belgium)

SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Corporation)

Kathmandu (Nepal)

ASEAN (Association of South –East Asian Nations)

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO)

Jakarta (Indonesia)

Addis-Ababa (Ethiopia) Nairobi (Kenya)

Vienna (Austria) Vienna (Austria)

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) Geneva, Switzerland WWF (World Wildlife Fund)

Gland (Switzerland)

OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

Vienna

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

Lausanne

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development) Paris Commonwealth of Nations

London

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

New York

United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)

Nairobi

New York New York Geneva

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Geneva World Food Programme (WFP)

Rome (Italy)

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

Rome

International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) International Labour Organisation (ILO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Universal Postal Union (UPU)

World Health Organisation (WHO)

World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Woman Aid International

European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

Montreal (Canada) Geneva

Washington

Berne (Switzerland) Geneva Geneva Geneva

London Geneva

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

SOBRIQUETS Sobriquets Person

Primary Names

Angel of Death

Josef Mengele

Bard of Avon

William Shakespeare

Bonnie Prince Charlie Charles Edward Stuart Desert Fox

Erwin Rommel

Father of his country Fuhrer Genghis Khan Grand Old Man of Britain Honest Abe Iron Lady Lady with the Lamp Madge Madiba Maid of Orleans Man of Destiny Old Nick

George Washington Adolf Hitler Temüjin Willian Ewart Glandstone Abraham Lincoln Margaret Thatcher Florence Nightingale Madonna Nelson Mandela Joan of Arc Napolean Bonaparte Santa

Dr. Death

Qaid-e-Azam Slick Willy The Bard

The Cincinnatus of the Americans The Duke The Greatest

The King of Pop

The Material Girl

Jack Kevorkian

Mohammad Ali Jinnah U.S. President Bill Clinton

William Shakespeare George Washington John Wayne

Muhammad Ali, Boxer Michael Jackson Madonna

The Tiger of France Georges Clemenceau Uncle Sam The U.S.A. Wizard of the North Walter Scott

FIRST IN THE WORLD

The first person to reach Mount Everest The first person to reach North Pole The first person to reach South Pole The first religion of the world The first country to print book The first country to issue paper currency

Sherpa Tenzing, Edmund Hillary Robert Peary Amundsen Hinduism China China

The first President of the U.S.A The first Prime Minister of Britain The first Secretary General of the United Nations The first country to prepare a constitution The first Governor General of Pakistan The first person to fly aeroplane The first person to sail round the world The first country to send man to the moon The first country to launch Artificial satellite in the space The first country to host the modern Olympics The first city on which the atom bomb was dropped The first person to land on the moon The first shuttle to go in space The first spacecraft to reach on Mars The first woman Prime Minister of a country

The first woman to climb Mount Everest The first woman cosmonaut of the world

The first woman President of the U.N. General Assembly The first man to fly into space

George Washington Robert Walpole Trygve Lie U.S.A

Mohd. Ali Jinnah Wright Brothers Magellan U.S.A

Russia Greece

Hiroshima (Japan) Neil Armstrong followed by Edwin E. Aldrin Columbia Viking-I

Mrs. S. Bandamaike (Sri Lanka) Mrs. Junko Tabei (Japan) Velentina Tereshkova (Russia)

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit Yuri Gagarin (Russia)

The first batsman to score Mohd. three test century in three Azharuddin successive tests on debut The first U.S. President to resign Presidency

Richard Nixon

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

SUPERLATIVES Tallest Animal on (land) Fastest Bird Largest Bird Smallest Bird Longest Bridge (Railway) Tallest Building Longest Big Ship Canal Busiest Canal (Ship) Largest Continent Smallest Continent Longest Day

Giraffe

Swift Ostrich Humming Bird Lower Zambeji (Africa )

Burj khalifa, Dubai (U.A.E) Seuz Canal (Linking red sea & Mediterranean) Baltic White Sea Canal (152 miles) Asia Australia June 21 (in Northern Hemisphere) Shortest Day Dec. 22(in Northern Hemisphere) Largest Delta Sundarbans, India (8000 sq. miles) Longest Desert Sahara, Africa (84, 00,000 (World) sq. km.) Biggest Dome Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur), (Old archi) 144 ft. diameter. Longest Epic The Mahabharata Largest Island Greenland (renamed Kalaallit Nunaat) Largest Lake (Salt Caspian Sea 3, 71,000 Water) sq. km.) Largest Mosque Masjid-al-Haram (MeccaSaudi Arabia) Surrounds the Kaaba. Tallest Minaret Qutub Minar, Delhi 238 ft. (Free Standing) Deepest & Biggest The Pacific Ocean Coldest Place or Verkhoyansk (Syberia), Region Temperature – 85° C Driest Place Death Valley (California); rainfall 1 ½ inch. Hottest Place Al-Aziziyah (Libya, (World) Africa) 136°F or 57.8°C Highest Plateau Pamir (Tibet) Longest Platform Kharagpur W.B, India (Railway) (833m) Largest Platform Grand Central terminal, (Railway) New York (U.S.A)

Largest Port

Port of New York & New Jersey (U.S.A) Busiest Port Rotterdam (the Netherlands) Longest Railway Trans-Siberian Railway (6,000 miles Long) Longest River Nile (6690 km), Amazon (6570 km.) Longest River Dam Hirakund Dam (Orissa), India 15.8 miles. Largest sea-bird Albatross Largest Sea (inland) Mediterranean Tallest statue Statue of Liberty, New York (U.S.A), 150 ft. high. Longest Swimming English Channel Course Longest Tunnel Seikan Rail Tunnel (Railway) (Japan), (53.85 km.) Longest Tunnel Laerdal, Norway (Road) Longest Wall Great Wall of China (1500 miles) Highest Waterfall

Salto Angel Falls (Venezuela) World Rainiest Cherrapunji Spot (Mawsynram), India Lightest gas Hydrogen Hardest Substance Diamond Longest Animal Blue Whale, (recorded length 106 ft. weight-195 tons) Longest Life Span 190 to 200 years, (Giant of an Animal tortoise) Largest Land Animal African Bush Elephant Fastest Animal Longest Jump Animal Slowest Animal Biggest Flower

Cheetah (Leopard ) 70 m.p.h Kangaroo

Largest River in volume Highest Straight Dam Largest Asian Desert Largest Democracy

Amazon, Brazil

Largest Temple

Most Intelligent Animal

Snail Raffesia (Java)

Angkor Vat (Combodia) Bhakhra Dam

Gobi, Mongolia India Chimpanzee

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

IMPORTANT DAYS OF THE YEAR 12th January: National Youth Day 15th January: Army Day 26th January: Republic Day 30th January: Martyr’s Day 4th February: World Cancer Day 13th February: World Radio Day 14th February: St. Valentine’s Day 8th March: International Women’s Day and Mother’s day 15th March: World Consumer Rights Day 22nd March: World Water Day 24th March: World Tuberculosis Day 7th April: World Health Day 22nd April: World Earth Day 25th April: World Malaria Day 1st May: International Labour Day 8th May: International Red Cross Day 20th May: World Refugee Day 24th May: Commonwealth Day 31st May: World No Tobacco Day 5th June: World Environment Day 8th June: World Ocean Day 21st June: International Yoga Day

23rd June: International Olympic Day 27th June: World Diabetes Day 1st July: World Doctor’s Day Van Mahotsav Week (1stJuly to 7thJuly) 11th July: World Population Day 28th July: World Hepatitis Day 6th August: Hiroshima Day 12th August: International Youth Day 8th September: International Literacy Day 25th September: Social Justice Day, World Maritime Day 27th September: World Tourism Day 2nd October: Gandhi Jayanti, International Non-Violence Day 9th October: World PostalDay 16th October: World Food Day 7th November: World Cancer Awareness Day 21st November: World Television Day 3rd December: World Conservation Day 4th December: Naval Day 7th December: Flag Day 10th December: World Human Rights Day, 11th December: UNICEF Day 14th December: National Energy Conservation Day

Indian History ANCIENT HISTORY Sources of Ancient Indian History • Pliocene deposits in Siwaliks. It is known as Ramapitheus, a type of early hominid. • Inscriptions either on stone or on metal plates are old records of Ancient India. The study of inscriptions is called epigraphy. • Coins: The study of coins is called numismatics. – The Punch Mark Coins (silver & copper) are the earliest coins of India. • Monuments: Monuments reflect the material prosperity and development of culture e.g. Taxshila monuments about Kushans and Stupas, Chaityas and Vihars about Maurya. • Vedas: Vedas point out features and development of different dynasties, e.g. Rigveda deals with Archery and known as “The first testament of mankind.” – Samveda says about the art of music (i.e. melodies) – Yajurveda: It is known as ritual Veda. – Atharvaveda: It is the latest of the four. It is about beliefs and superstitions. • Upanishad: It is anti-ritualistic in nature. It deals about the theories of creation of the universe and doctrine of action. • Sutras: Sutras deal about rituals, Sanskaras, social life, Medical science etc. • Puranas: Puranas describe the genealogies of various royal dynasties, i.e. Maurya, Andhra, Shishunag, Gupta, etc. • Jatak Kathas: These are the parts of art and literature of 3rd century B.C. • Arthashastra: It is the analysis of political and economic conditions of the Mauryas, composed by Kautilya (Chanakya). • Mudrarakshasa: It tells about the establishment of the Maurya dynasty, the fall of Nanda, Ramgupta, etc. • Rajtarangini: It was written by Kalhana in 12th century A.D. It is about the rulers of Kashmir. It is considered the, “first historical book of India.” • Foreign travellers wrote about the information of India. For examples – Megasthenes: He wrote book, “INDICA” about the dynasty of Maurya. Fahien: He wrote about the Gupta Emperor. Hieun-Tsang: He wrote about the Buddhist record of the western world during period of Harshavardhan.

Albiruni: He wrote ‘ Tarikh-ul-Hind.’ Ibna-Batuta: He wrote about India under the rule of Muhammad Tughlaq.

Pre-Historic Period

• Pre - historic period is divided into three sections- Stone age, Bronze age and Iron age. • Stone age is divided into three periods, i.e. Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age and Neolithic Age. • Chalcolithic Age is marked by the use of copper as copper age. • The Iron age is usually associated with the Painted Grey Wares (P.G.W.).

Indus Valley Civilization

• The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a unique Bronze Age civilization. • The Civilization flourished around the Indus river basin and its tributaries, consisting of modern Pakistan and northwestern India. • Lothal, Balakot, Suktagendor and Allahdin (Pakistan) in the cities of the Harappan civilization were the major ports. • In the valley of the Indus people used irrigation-based agriculture. Indus Valley Sites – Excavators Harappa - 1921- Dayaram Sahni Mohenjodaro- 1922- R.D.Banerjee Sutkagendor- 1927- Aurel Stein, George Dalesamri - 1929- M.G.Majumdar Chanhudaro- 1931- M.G.Majumdar Rangpur - 1931- M.S.Vats Kot Diji- 1935- Fazal Khan Dabarkot- 1935- Maichke Kili Ghul Mohammad- 1950- Fairservis Kalibangan- 1953- A. Ghosh Ropar - 1953- Y.D.Sharma Lothal - 1957- S.R.Rao Surkotada- 1964- Jagatpati Ghosh Dholvira- 1967- J.P. Joshi

The Vedic Period

• The Vedic Period or the Vedic Age refers to the period when the Vedic Sanskrit texts were composed in India. • The Aryans are supposed to have migrated from Central Asia during 2000 to 1500 B.C.

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• The Rigveda (1500–1000 BC) consists of 1028 hymns. • The Gaytri Mantra had been discovered from the Rig Veda. • The Sindhu and its tributaries are called Sapta Sindhu. • The Yajur Veda is a book of sacrificial prayers. It is written in both verse and prose. • The Sama Veda consists of 1549 hymns. • It is a book of chants for singing during sacrifices.

Later Vedic Period (1000-500 BC)

• The later Vedic society came to be divided into four varnas called the Brahmanas, rajanyas or kshatriyas, vaisyas and shudras, each varna was assigned with its duty. KINGDOMS OF THE LATER VEDIC PERIOD Kingdom Location 1. Panchal Bareilly, Badayun & Farrukhabad in U.P. 2. Kushinagar Northern region of Uttar Pradesh 3. Kashi Modern Varanasi 4. Koshal Faizabad in Uttar Pradesh 5. Southern Near Amritsar Madra 6. Uttara Kashmir Madra 7. Eastern Near Kangra Madra 8. Kekaya On the bank of Beas river east of Gandhar kingdom 9. Gandhar Rawalpindi & Peshawar Chronology of Foreign Invasion

• 518–486 B.C.: King Darius or Darus invaded India. • 326 B.C. : Alexander invaded India. • 190 B.C. : India-Greeks or Bactrians invaded India. • 90 B.C. : Sakas invaded India. • A.D. 1st Century : Pahlavas invaded India. • A.D. 45 : Kushanas or Yue-chis invaded India.

Religious Movements Jainism

• Founder – Rishabhadeva (First Tirthankara). • Mahavira was the last of the 24 tirthankaras. • Jainism was divided into two sects: Shwetambaras and Digambaras. • The First Council was held at Pataliputra by Sthulabahu and Second at Valabhi.

Teachings

• Jainism was based on 5 doctrines : (i) Ahinsa, i.e. non-violence; (ii) do not speak a lie, (iii) do not steal. (iv) do not acquire property, and (v) observe

INDIAN HISTORY continence (Brahmacharya) introduced by Mahavira. Three Gems of Jainism (Ratnatrya) (i) Right faith (Samyak Vishwas) (ii) Right knowledge (Samyak Gyan) (iii) Right conduct/action (Samyak Karma)

Buddhism

• Gautam Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. • His real name was Siddhartha. • His father was a king named Suddodana Tharu and Mother was Mahamaya. • He was born at Lumbini. • He discovered enlightenment under the peepal tree (Bodhi Vriksha) in Gaya, Bihar at the age of 35. • He gave his first sermon at the Deer Park in Sarnath. • It was divided into three main sects: Hinayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana.

Buddhist Councils

First at Rajgir, Second at Vaishali, Third at Patliputra & Fourth in Kashmir.

Important Dynasties in Ancient India

The Haryanaka dynasty(544 – 412 B.C.) • Bimbisara was the first ruler and founder of Haryanka dynasty. The capital of the kingdom was Rajagriha. • Ajatasatru who killed his father and seized the throne for himself. • He was contemporary to Lord Mahavira and Lord Buddha and a follower of Buddhism. • Ajatasatru was succeeded by Udayin.

Shishunaga dynasty (412-344 B.C.)

• The last Haryanka ruler, Nagadasaka, was killed by his courtier Shishunaga in 430 B.C, who became the king and founded the Shishunaga dynasty.

Nanda dynasty (344-321 B.C.)

• Mahapadmananda established the Nanda dynasty into a powerful empire. • Last ruler of Nanda dynasty was Dhanananda. He was contemporary of Alexander. • Alexander invasion of India took place in 326 B.C. during the reign of Dhanananda.

The Mauryan empire (322–185 B.C.) • • • • •

Founder— Chandragupta Maurya Its capital was Pataliputra. He embraced Jainism He died at Sravanbelagola The war of Kalinga (BC 261) was the turning point of Ashoka’s life. The mass death of the war changed his mind and he became a follower of Buddhism.

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INDIAN HISTORY • Ashok Stambh of Sarnath was adopted as national emblem of India. • Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka. • Ashoka’s Dhamma was a code of conduct (a set of principles like respect to elders) mercy to slaves & emphasis on truth, nonviolence & tolerance. Number Name of Reign Emperor 1 Chandragupta 322 BC - 298 BC Maurya 2 Bindusara 298 BC - 272 BC 3 Ashoka 274 BC - 232 BC 4 Dasaratha 232 BC - 224 BC 5 Samprati 224 BC - 215 BC 6 Salisuka 215 BC - 202 BC 7 Devavarman 202 BC - 195 BC 8 Satadhanvan 195 BC - 187 BC 9 Brihadatha 187 BC - 185 BC

Sunga Dynasty (185 to 73 B.C.)

• Pushyamitra Sunga was the senapati of last king of Mauryan empire Brihadratha. He killed Brihadratha and founded the Sunga dynasty in 187 B.C. • Its capital was Pataliputra but later Vidhisha was the capital of Sunga rulers. Sangam First Second Third

Place of Organisation Thenmadurai Kapatapuram North Madurai

• Founder- Vasudeva Kanva. • Other Sunga Rulers: Bhumimitra, Narayana, Susarman.

Satvahana Dynasty

• It ruled in the Deccan and Central India after Mauryans. • Founder- Simuka • Most powerful Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni (A.D. 106-130)

Other Dynasties

• Kharavela was the greatest king of Chedi Dynasty. • Source of information: Hatigumpha Pillar inscription (Created by Kharavela) • The Sakas were a group of nomadic tribes of Iranian origin or Scythian tribes, who lived in Central Asia. • Kanishka is considered to have conflicted with the Pataliputra and had taken Asvaghosa, the Buddhist Monk to Purushpura. • Founder of Pallava Dynasty- Simhavishnu, Capital – Kanchi.

The Sangam Kingdom

The Tamil Sangam was an academy of poets and bards.

Chairman Agastya Earlier- Agastya Later- Tolkappiyar (a disciple of Agastaya) Nakkirar

• Founder of Chera Dynasty: Utiyan Cheralatan. • Founder of Chola Dynasty: Vijayalaya Capital – Kaveripattanam. Temples & their location The Kailash Temple The Hoysala temple The Chennakesava temple The Hoysaleswara temple The Ratha and Shore temple The Brihadeshwara temple The Vithala temple The Meenakshi Temple

Kanva Dynasty (73-28 B.C.)

Ellora Belur and Halebid Belur Halebid Mahabalipuram, Tanjavur Harmpi Madurai

The Gupta Empire (AD 320-467)

• Founder - Sri Gupta • Nalanda University was built by Kumargupt. • The great Mathematician Aryabhata lived during this age. He discovered the number “0” and value of Pi. He wrote “Aryabhatiya” and “Suryasiddhanta”. • Kalidas the great poet also belonged to this period. • Chandragupta (320-335 AD) was the son of Ghatotkacha and grandson of Sri Gupta.

Kingdom Pandiya Pandiya Pandiya

• Sumudragupta (AD 335-375) Harisena described him as the “Hero of a Hundred Battles.” • Prayag Prashasti (Written by Harisen) is the main source of information on his reign. • Samundragupta was succeeded by his son Chandragupta Vikramaditya (or II). • Kumaragupta (AD 415-455) is the son of Chandragupta II. • Gupta Period is also known as the ‘Golden Age of Ancient India’.

The Post Gupta Period (550 AD – 647 AD)

SOUTHERN INDIA • Capital of Chalukyas (AD 543-753)Badami (Bagalkot district of North Karnataka) • Pulakeshin I is generally attributed to be the first Chalukyan king. • Narasimhavarman completed the beautiful temples of Mahablipuram.

Rashtrakutas (AD 753–973)

• Founded by Dantidurg; Krishna I built Kailasha temple at Ellora. Amoghavarsha,

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INDIAN HISTORY

who is compared to Vikramaditya, wrote the first Kannada poetry Kaviraj Marg.

Gangas

Ruled Orissa; Narsimhadeva constructed Sun Temple at Konark; Anantvarman built the Jagannath Temple at Puri; and Kesaris who used to rule before Gangas built the Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneshwar.

Pushyabhuti Dynasty (600-647 A.D.)

• The greatest king was Harshavardhana, son of Prabhakar Vardhana of Thaneshwar. He shifted the capital to Kannauj. • Hieun Tsang visited during his reign. • Harsha himself wrote three plays – Priyadarhika, Ratnawali and Nagananda.

Pallavas (AD 600-757)

Founder-Simhavishnu; capital-Kanchi; greatest king Narsimhavarman who founded the town of Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram). • Palas dynasty was founded by Gopala I, who was elected as king of people. • Palas with capital at Monghyr is known for Dharmapala, their second king, who founded Vikramashila University and revived Nalanda University.

• The greatest ruler of Pratiharas was Bhoja (also known as Mihir, Adivraha).

Chalukyas (543-755 A.D.)

• Pulakesin I was the founder of the Chalukya dynasty. He established a small kingdom with Vatapi or Badami as its capital. • Their cave temples are found in Ajanta, Ellora and Nasik.

The Cholas (AD 985-1279)

• Founder Vijayalaya, Capital Tanjore. • Aditya I Chola wiped out Pallavas and weakened Pandayas. • Purantaka I captured Madurai, but defeated by Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III at the Battle of Takkolam.

Ancient Indian Books and Authors Buddhacharita Kirtarjuniya Ravanavadha Ratnavali Priyadarshika Uttar Ramacharita Brihat Katha Manjari Katha Sarita Sagara Charak Samhita

MEDIEVAL HISTORY

Early Medieval Period Tripartite Struggle • Tripartite conflict was fought among the Gurjara-Pratiharas, Rashtrkutas and Palas for the control over Kannauj.

The Rajputs

• The period between 647 A.D. and 1192 A.D., i.e. 500 years is known as the Rajput period in the history of India. • The most powerful Rajputs: Gahadavalas (Kanauj), the Paramaras(Malwa), and the Chauhans (Ajmer). • Prithviraj Chauhan‘s (1178-92 AD) empire included Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. • His court’s poet Chand Bardai wrote Prithviraj Chauhan’s biography “Prithviraj Raso”. • He defeated Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori in the first battle of Tarrain in 1191. • In the Second battle of Tarrain (1192) Muhammad Ghori won and killed Prithviraj Chauhan. • Jayachandra was the king of Kannauj. Muhammad Ghori defeated and killed

-

Asvaghosha Bharavi Bhatti Harshavardhana Harshavardhana Bhavabhuti Kshemendra Somadeva Charak

Jayachandra in the Battle of Chadawar in 1194. • Rana Kumbha was the ruler of Mewar, a state in western India. • Dilwara temples at Mount Abu, the Vimala Vasahi and the Luna Vasahi were built by Solankis of Gujarat.

Medieval India

The Delhi Sultanate (1206 – 1526 AD) Dynasties of Delhi Sultanate (i) Slave Dynasty : 1206-1290 AD (ii) Khilje ” : 1290-1320 AD (iii) Tughlaq ” : 1320-1414 AD (iv) Sayyid ” : 1414-1451 AD (v) Lodhi ” : 1451-1526 AD • Sources of Medieval Indian History: Tarikh i Firoze Shahi (Ziauddin barani); Tuzuk-i-Mubarak Shahi (Yahaya bin Ahmed Sirhindi); Futuhat-i-Firoze Shahi (Firoze Shah Tughluq), etc. • Muhammad Ghori nominated his trusted and prominent slave, Qutubuddin Aibak as his representative to govern the newly conquered regions in India. It was the beginning of slave dynasty.

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The Mamluk dynasty or The Slave Dynasty (1206-1290 AD) • Qutubuddin Aibak also began the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhityar Kaki. • Shamsuddin Iltutmish was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibak. • Iltutmish stopped the Mongol attack in 1221 A.D led by Chenghiz Khan. • Iltutmish nominated his daughter Razia as the successor. • She was the first and only Muslim lady that ever ruled in India. • She further offended the nobles by her preference for an Abyssian slave Yakut. • In 1240 A.D, Razia was the victim of a conspiracy and was killed near Kaithal (Haryana). • Jalaluddin Khilji founded Khilji dynasty. • Alauddin Khilji was the nephew and sonin-law of Jalaluddin Khilji. • He killed Jalaluddin Khilji and took over the throne in 1296. • He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated religion from politics. • He appointed Diwan-i-Riyasat and Shahna-i-Mandi to regulate the fixed price market. • He abolished Iqtas of royal troopers and the payment of their salaries in cash. • He constructed monuments like AlaiDarwaza and Sirifort in Delhi. • Ghazi Malik with the name of Ghiyasuddin Tughluq became the Sultan of Delhi in 1320. • Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq organised better postal system. • Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ascended the throne in 1325. • Firoz Shah Tughlaq established Diwani-Khairat (department for poor and needy people), and Diwan-l-Bundagan (department of slaves). • Khizr Khan was the first Sultan of the Sayyed Dynasty. • The other rulers of this dynasty were Mubarak Shah (1421-1434), Muhammad Shah (1434-1443), Alam Shah (1443-1451). • Bahlol Lodhi (1451-88 A.D.) was an Afghan Sardar who founded the Lodhi dynasty. • Sikandar Lodhi shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra and conquered Bihar and Western Bengal. • Ibrahim Lodhi was the last king of Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi. • At last Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of Punjab invited Babur to overthrow

Ibrahim Lodhi, Babur accepted the offer and inflicted a crushing defeat on Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526.

Vijaynagar Empire (1336-1565 AD)

• The Vijayanagar Empire was a South Indian dynasty based in the Deccan on the South bank of Tungabhadra River. • There were four dynasties ruled over Vijaynagar —Sangama Dynasty, Saluva Dynasty, Tuluva Dynasty and Aravidu Dynasty.

Bahmani Kingdom

• The Bahmani Kingdom of Deccan’s capital was Gulbarga. • It was founded by Hasan Gangu (original name–Ismail Mukh). • He took the tittle of Alauddin Hasan, Bahaman Shah.

Religious Movements

Bhakti Movement • Bhakti means personal devotion to God. It stresses the Union of the individual with God. • Bhakti movement originated in South India between the 7th and the 12th centuries AD. • Ramananda was disciple of Ramunaja. He was the first reformer to preach in Hindi. • Kabir was an ardent disciple of Ramananda. He wanted unity between the Hindus and the Muslims. • Namdeva was a waterman by birth. He composed beautiful hymns in Marathi. • Nanak was the founder of the Sikh religion. • Nanak’s teachings were in the form of verses. They were collected in a book called the Adi Granth. • Later Adi Grantham was written in a script called Gurmukhi. • Chaitaniya, a great devotee of Lord Krishna, was a saint from Bengal. • Tulsidas composed the famous Ramcharitamanas in Hindi, expounding the various aspects of Hindu dharma. • Surdas was a devotee of Lord Krishna and Radha. His works include Sursagar, Sahitya Ratna and Sur Sarawali. • Dadu Dayal was a disciple of Kabir. His followers were known as Dadu Panthis. • Eknath was a devotee of Vithoba. He wrote commentary on verses of the Bhagavad Gita.

The Sufi Movement

• Sufism is basically a religion based on the truth of life. The mystics of Islam are called Sufis. • It emerged in India in 11th & 12th century A.D.

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• It established brotherhood between Hindus & Muslims. • The founders of the most important Sufi lineage Chisti, Suhrawardi, Qadiri, Naqshbandi originally came from central and west Asia. • The prominent sufi saints were Khwaja Nizamuddin Aulia, Ganj-e-Shakar Fariduddin, Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki and Hamuddin Nagori . • Hazrat Nizam-ud-Din was the disciple of Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakkar. • Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki was the disciple and the spiritual successor of Moinuddin Chishti. Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (1142-1236 AD) • The Chisti order of Sufism was founded in village Khwaja Chishti near Herat in Persia, i.e. Iran. • In India, Chisti silsila was founded by Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (born 1142 AD). • He came to India around AD 1192. • He made Ajmer the main centre for his teachings. He died in Ajmer in 1236.

The Mughals (1526-1540 and 1555-1857)

• The Mughul era began with the Babur’s victory over Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle Of Panipat in 1526.’ • Babur was from the princely family of mixed Mongol and Turkish blood. • He died in 1530. • Humayun succeeded Babur at the young age of 23 in 1530. • He was defeated in the Battle of Chausa (1539) and Battle of Kanauj (1540) by Sher Shah Suri who became the ruler of Agra and Delhi. • The Humayun’s Tomb was built by his widow Haji Begum in Delhi. • Humayun’s sister Gulbadan Begum wrote Humayunnama. • He died in 1556. • The real name of Sher Shah was Farid. • During the siege of the fort of Kalinjar one of the cannons accidentally went off killing him on 26th of May 1535. • He was buried in Sasaram (Bihar). • He built Purana Qila in Delhi. • Bairam Khan became the Wakil of the kingdom with the title of Khan-i-Khana. • Akbar was crowned at Kalanaur at the age of 13 years in 1556. • Akbar reoccupied Delhi and Agra in the second battle of Panipat with Hemu, a general of Adil Shah in 1556. • Akbar built many buildings like Agra Fort (1565), Lahore Palace (1572), Fatehpur Sikri, Buland Darwaza and Allahabad Fort (1583). • He died in 1605.

INDIAN HISTORY Nine Jewels or Nav-Ratnas of Akbar Abdul Rahim – Hindi Scholar Abdul Fazal – Chief Advisor Birbal – Wittiness Tansen – Singer Todar Mal – Finance Minister Mullah Do Piaza – Advisor Raja Man Singh – General (Senapati) Faizi – Poet Hamim Humam – Physician

Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)

• The real name of Jahangir was Salim. • Jahangir married Mehr-un-Nisa who assumed the title of ‘Nur Jahan’ (Light of the world) • His son Khurram (Shah Jahan) rebelled against him at the end of his reign. • Shah Jahan became emperor in 1627. • He was married to the daughter of Asaf Khan named Arjumand Bano Begum, also known as Mumtaz Mahal. • He built the Taj Mahal in Agra and the Jama Masjid (sand stone) in Delhi.

Auranzeb (AD 1658-1707)

• Aurangzeb was also called as Zinda Pir (the living saint). • The Mughul conquest reached a climax during his reign. • The second coronation of Aurangzeb took place when he defeated Dara (1659). • He forbade inscription of Kalma on the coins and banned music in the court. • He died in 1707 AD.

The Later Mughals

• Muazzam ascended the Mughal throne with the title of Bahadur Shah. • Farrukhsiyar ascended the throne with help of Sayyid brothers, Abdullah Khan and Hussain Khan. • Nadir Shah raided India in 1738-39 and took away the peacock throne and Kohinoor diamond during the reign of Mohammad Shah (1719-48). • The Battle of Buxar (1764) was fought during the reign of Shah Alam II. • Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal king. Name of the Book- Author

Tuzk-i-Babari : Babar

Akbarnama, Ain­i­Akbari : Abul Fazl Tuzk­i­Jahangiri : Jahangir

Shah Jahan­Namah : Inayat Khan

Padshah­Namah (about Shah Jahan): Abdul Hamid Lahori

Alamgirnama (about Aurangzeb) : Mirza Muhammad Kazim

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INDIAN HISTORY Battles Fought Between 1st Battle of Panipat (1526) : Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi Battle of Khanwa (1527) : Babur and Rana Sunga. Battle of Chausa (1539) : Sher Shah Suri and Humayun 2nd Battle of Panipat (1556) : Akbar and Hemu Battle of Haldighati (1576) : Raja Maan Singh (Mughal army) and Rana Pratap Battle of Samugarh (1658) : Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh Battle of Khanwa (1659) : Aurangzeb and brother Shah Shuja Battle of Karnal (1739) : Nadir Shah and Muhammad Shah(Mughal)

Maratha State (1674-1818)

• Shivaji was born at Shivner, Poona and died on April 3, 1680 in Rajgarh. • He was founder of the Maratha kingdom of India. • Shahji Bhonsle was the father and Jija Bai was the mother of Shivaji.

• In 1659, Shivaji killed Afzal Khan who was deputed by Adil Shah to suppress him.

Sikh Gurus

• Nanak (1469-1539) founded Sikh religion. • Angad (1538-52) invented Gurmukhi. • Amardas (1552-74) struggled against sati system and purdah system and established 22 Gadiyans to propagate religion. • Ramdas (1574-81) founded Amritsar in 1577. Akbar granted the land. • Arjun (1581-1606) founded Swarn Mandir (Golden Temple) and composed Adi Granth. • Hargobind Singh (1606-45) established Akal Takht and fortified Amritsar. • Har Rai (l 645-66) • Harkishan (1661-64) • Tegh Bahadur (1664-75) • Gobind Singh (1675-1708) was the last Guru who founded the Khalsa. After him Sikh guruship ended.

MODERN HISTORY

Arrival of Europeans in India

Portuguese

• On 17th May 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese navigator, came to Calicut. • He found new trade route from Europe to Asia via Cape of Good Hope. • His second visit in 1502 established Portuguese Trading Centres at Calicut, Cannanore and Cochin. • Cochin was the first capital of the Portuguese in India which was shifted to Goa later on.

Dutch

• Dutch arrived in India as a beginning of Portuguese decline in 1605. • The Dutch East India company of Netherlands was formed in 1592 to trade with East Indies. • Cornelis Houtman was the first Dutch who came to India.

French

• In AD 1664 French came to India as a last European Community. • The French East India Company was founded by Jean Baptiste Colbert. • In 1667, the first French Factory was established at Surat.

Danes

• In 1616 the Danes came to India. • They established at Tranquebar (Tamil Nadu) in 1620 and Serampore (Bengal) in 1676.

East India Company • Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey. • Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar in 1765. • Siraj-ud-Daula was the last independent Nawab of Bengal who succeeded Alivardi Khan to the throne. • Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur, commonly known as Mir Jafar, (c. 1691–February 5, 1765) was the first Nawab of Bengal under Company rule in India. • After Siraj decline Mir Jafar was installed as the Nawab in 1757 by the British East India Company. • Mir Qasim ( May 8, 1777) was the Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1763. • The Battle of Buxar was fought on 23 October 1764 between East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined army of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal: the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal King Shah Alam II.

Rule of the British Governer and Governor Generals

• After the victory of the English in Buxar, Clive was appointed the governor and commander-in-chief of the English possessions in Bengal.

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• Warren Hastings was appointed the Governor of Bengal in 1772. • In 1773 the Regulating Act was passed which provided for the setting up of a supreme court to try all British subjects. • Lord Wellesley is considered to be one of the most brilliant Governor Generals of Bengal. • He introduced the Subsidiary Alliance system to undo with the French influence and bring the Indian states within the purview of the British power of Jurisdiction. • Lord Minto-I (AD 1807-13) was followed by Lord Hastings who governed from 1813 to 1823. • Marquess of Hastings (AD 1813-1823)– He was the first to appoint Indians to the highest posts of responsibility. The first vernacular newspaper Samachar Patrika published during his time. • Lord William Bentinck (AD 1828-35)– Charter Act of 1833 was passed and he was made the first Governor General of India; Abolition of sati in 1829. • Lord Dalhousie (AD 1848-56)– Doctrine of Lapse, The Second Burmese war, The Second Anglo Sikh War, Shimla made the summer capital, First railway line was laid from Bombay to Thane, in 1853. • Lord Canning (AD 1856-58) - Annexation of Avadh, enactment of Hindu Widow Remarriage Bill, 1857, establishment of universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, revolt of 1857.  Following the Queen’s recommendation in 1858, transferring the Government from the company to the British Crown, Lord Canning was made the first Viceroy of India. • Lord Mayo (AD 1869-72)– Organised first census which was held in 1871. • Lord Lytton (AD 1876-80)– The Delhi Durbar, January 1, 1877 and the Vernacular Press Act, 1878. • Lord Ripon (AD 1880-84) – First Factory Act of 1881. Local Self-Government was introduced in 1882. Repeat of Vernacular Press act. • Lord Curzon (AD 1899-1905) - Famine Commission, Agriculture Research Institute at Pusa, Partition of Bengal in 1905. • Lord Minto II (AD 1905-10)– Minto-Morley Reforms in 1909. Swadeshi movement (1905-08), foundation of Muslim League (1906), Surat session and split in the congress (1907).  Capital of country was announced to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. • Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)– Government of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford

INDIAN HISTORY

• • • •

Reforms), enactment of Rowlatt Act (1919), Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919), beginning of the Non-co-operation Movement. Lord Irwin (AD 1926-31)– Appointment of Simon commission in 1928. GandhiIrwin Pact in 1931; First Around Table Conference (1930). Lord Willington (AD 1931-36)– The Second Round Table Conference 1931, The communal award, 1932, the Poona pact, Third Round Table Conference, 1932. Lord Wavell (AD 1944-47)- Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference, Cabinet Mission (Lawrence, Cripps and Alexander), Direct Action Day” on August 16, 1946, Attlee’s Declaration, Lord Mountbatten, (March 1947-June 1948) Last Viceroy of British India and first-Governor general of free India. Partition of India in third week of June, 1947; Indian Independence Act, Partition of the country between two independent states of India and Pakistan. He was succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari.

Some Important rulers in India (17201949) Ruler

Period

Place

1. Sadat Khan Burhan-ulMulk 2. Safdar Jung 3. Shuja-ud-daulah

1722-39

Awadh

1739-54 1754-75

Awadh Awadh

4. Asaf-ud-daulah 1775-97 Awadh 5. Wazir Ali 1797-98 Awadh 6. Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah 1724-48 Hyderabad 7. Nasir Jung 1748-50 Hyderabad 8. Muzaffar Jung 1750-51 Hyderabad 9. Salabat Jung 1751-60 Hyderabad 10. Nizam Ali 1760-1803 Hyderabad 11. Sikandar Jah 1803-29 Hyderabad 12. Nasir-ud-daulah 1829-57 Hyderabad 13. Afjal-ud-daulah 1857-69 Hyderabad 14. Mahabat Ali Khan 1869-1911 Hyderabad 15. Osman Ali Khan 1911-49 Hyderabad 16. Hyder Ali 1761-82 Mysore 17. Tipu Sultan 1782-99 Mysore 18. Ranjit Singh 1792-1839 Punjab

The Revolt of 1857

• Political Causes: The policy of Doctrine of Lapse. • Nana Sahib was refused pension, as he was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao I. • Military Discrimination: Discrimination between the Indian and the British soldiers. • Religious Discrimination: The introduction of Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was greased with animal fat, provided the spark.

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INDIAN HISTORY • On March 29, 1857, a soldier named Mangal Pandey attacked and fired at his senior at Barrackpur in Bengal (in 19th and 34th Native infantry). • Mutiny spread throughout UP along with some other parts of the country. • Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II was proclaimed the Emperor of India. • Causes of Failure of the Revolt: Lack of planning, organization and leadership. • Some Indians supported the British in suppressing the revolt as Scindia of Gwalior, the Holkar of Indore, the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Raja of Jodhpur, the Nawab of Bhopal, the rulers of Patiala, Sindh and Kashmir and the Rana of Nepal.

Social and Cultural Reforms • Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta in 1828 in order to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism. SOME IMPORTANT ORGANIZATION Name of the Organization Atmiya Sabha Brahmo Samaj Dharma Sabha Tattvabodhini Sabha Nirankaris Manav Dharma Sabha Parmahansa Mandali Namdharis Radha Swami Satsang Brahom Samaj of India Dar-ul-Ulum Prarthna Samaj Arya Samaj Sudharam Brahmo Samaj Deccan Education Society Muhammadan Educational Conference Indian National Conference Deva Samaj Nadwah-ul-Ulma Ramakrishna Mission Servants of Indian Society Poona Seva Sadan Social Service League Seva Samiti

The Freedom Struggle

• Raja Rammohan Roy is most remembered for helping Lord William Bentinck to declare the practice of Sati a punishable offence in 1829. • Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of the Young Bengal Movement. • The original name of Swami Vivekananda was Narendranath Dutta (1863-1902). • He was famous disciple of Shri Ramkrishna Paramahamsa. • Swami Vivekananda participated at the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago (USA) on September 11,1893 and raised the prestige of India and Hinduism very high. • The Theosophical Society was founded in New York (USA) in 1875 by Madam H.P. Blavatsky, a Russian lady, and Henry Steel Olcott, an American colonel. • The Aligarh Movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) for the social and educational advancement of the Muslims in India.

Founder Ram Mohan Roy Ram Mohan Roy Radhakanta Dev Debendranath Tagore Dayal Das, Darbara Singh, Rattan Chand etc. Durgaram Manchharam Dadoba Panderung Ram Singh Tulsi Ram Keshab Chandra Sen Maulana Hussain Ahmed Dr. Atmaram Pandurung Swami Dayanand Saraswati Anand Mohan Bose G. G. Agarkar Sir Syed Ahmad Khan M. G. Ranade Shivnarayan Agnihotri Maulana Shibli Numani Swami Vivekanand Gopalakrishan Gokhale Mrs Ramabai Ranade and G.K. Devadhar N. M. Joshi H. N. Kunzru

• The Indian National Congress was founded on 28 December 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume. • Womesh Chandra (W.C.) Bonnerjee was the first President of the INC. • The first session of the INC was held from 28–31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates. • Bengal was reunited in 1911. • Surat Split is mainly known for separation of Congress partymen into moderates and

• • •

Year 1815 1828 1829 1839 1840 1844 1849 1857 1861 1866 1866 1867 1875 1878 1884 1886 1887 1887 1894 1897 1905 1909 1911 1914

Place Calcutta Calcutta Calcutta Calcutta Punjab Surat Bombay Punjab Agra Calcutta Deoband Bombay Bombay Calcutta Pune (Poona) Aligarh Bombay Lahore Lucknow Belur Bombay Pune (Poona) Bombay Allahabad

extremists at the Surat session of Congress in 26 December 1907. The All-India Muslim League was founded on 30 December 1906. The founding president of Ghadar Party was Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal was the co-founder of this party. In 1916, two Home Rule Movements were launched in the country: one under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the other under Annie Besant. August Declaration (1917)

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The British aimed at “increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire”. • On February 5, 1922, in the Chauri Chaura the police chowki was set on fire by the mob, killing 22 of the police occupants. • The Lahore protest was led by Indian nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai, was severely beaten by local police. He died on November 17, 1928. First Round Table Conference (November 1930 – January 1931). Second Round Table Conference (September – December 1931) Third Round Table Conference (November – December 1932)

• The name “Pakistan” had been proposed by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan Declaration. In 1940 at the Lahore Session of the Muslim League, the demand for a separate state of Pakistan was made. • It was based on the two-nation theory. • Quit India Movement (1942) A.I. Congress Committee passed Quit India Resolution at Bombay on 8 August, 1942. • Gandhiji gave the slogan “Do or Die” on 8 Aug, 1942. • The Indian National Army was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists in 1942 in Southeast Asia during World War II. • Cabinet Mission (1946) was composed of three Cabinet Ministers of England: Sir Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and Alexander.

Newspapers and Journals Newspaper/Journal Name

Founder

Bengal Gazette (1780) (India’s First Newspaper)

James Augustus Hickey.

Kesari

B.G.Tilak

Hindu

Vir Raghavacharya and G.S. Aiyar

Amrita Bazar Patrika Hindustan

Mooknayak Comrade

Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Al-Hilal

Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh M.M. Malviya

Independent

Motilal Nehru

Pratap

Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi

Punjabi

New India (Daily) Young India

Hindustan Times 1.

M.K Ghandhi

K.M. Pannikar

‘Do or Die’

Mahatma Gandhi (while launching Quit India movement in 1942) 2. ‘Give me blood Subhash Chandra Bose and I will give you (in his address to solfreedom’ diers of Azad Hind Fauj) 3. ‘Dilli Chalo’ Subhash Chandra Bose’s battle cry of Azad Hind Fauj 4. ‘My ultimate aim is Jawaharlal Nehru to wipe every tear from every eye’ 5. ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’ Lal Bahadur Shastri 6. ‘Saare Jahan Se Dr. Mohammed Iqbal Achcha, Hindustan Hamara’ 7. ‘Sarfaroshiki Ram Prasad Bismill tamanna Ab Hamare Dil mein Hai’ 8. ‘Swaraj is my Bal Gangadhar Tilak birthright and I will have it’ 9. ‘Inqualab Zindabad’ Bhagat Singh 10. ‘Vande Mataram’ Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 11. ‘Hindi, Hindu, Hin- Bhartendu Harishchandra dustan’ 12. Back to Vedasi Dayanand Saraswati

Books & Authors of Modern India 1.

Ghulam Giri

3.

The Discovery of India J.L. Nehru

2. 4. 5. 6.

Causes of the Indian Mutiny Unhappy India Anandmath

Abul Kalam Azad

10. Hind Swaraj

8. 9.

Jyotiba Phule

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Lala Lajpat Rai

Bankim chand Chatterjee

What Congress and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Gandhi have done to the untouchables

7.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

Annie Besant

Sayings of Important Persons

B.R. Ambedkar

Mohammad Ali

Lala Lajpat Rai

Satyarth Prakash India Divided Neel Darpan

Swami Dayanand

Dr. Rajendra Prasad Dinbandhu Mitra

M.K. Gandhi

Polity The Preamble • The Preamble to Indian Constitution is based on “Objective Resolution” of Nehru. Jawaharlal Nehru introduced an objective resolution on December 13, 1946 and it was adopted by Constituent Assembly on 22 January, 1947. • Initially, the Preamble was drafted by Sh. B. N. Rau in his memorandum of May 30, 1947 and was later reproduced in the Draft of October 7, 1947.

The Preamble Reads

“WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizen: JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation:

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this 26th day of November 1949, do hereby ADOPT, ENACT and GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Constitution of India

• Originally our Constitution contained 395 Articles divided in 22 Parts and 8 Schedules. • The Constitution, in its current form, consists of a Preamble, 24 Parts containing 448 articles, 12 schedules. • India is a union of 29 States and 7 Union Territories. • It lays down Directive Principles of State Policy for the guidance of Legislature and the Executive of the country. • It establishes independence of judiciary from the executive.

The Union & its Territory

• Article 1 stipulates that India, that is Bharat, shall be Union of states.

• The country is described as ‘Union‘ because it is indestructible. • Under Articles 2 & 3, Parliament has the power to establish new States, form a new State. • First Linguistic State – Andhra Pradesh. • States Reorganisation Act 1956 was adopted by the Govt. of India that resulted in the formation of new states & UTs.

Sources of Indian Constitution

Indian Constitution has borrowed its provisions from following sources. Country

Provisions Borrowed

Government Federal scheme of India Act, Declaration of emergency 1935 powers Ordinance defining the power of the President and Governors Office of the Governor Power of federal judiciary Administration at the centre and state level United Kingdom

USA

Australia

Parliamentary system Bicameral parliament Prime Minister Council of Ministers Single citizenship Office of CAG Writ jurisdiction of courts Rule of law

Written constitution Fundamental rights Supreme Court President as executive head of the state Impeachment of the president, removal of SC and HC judges Vice President as chairman of Rajya Sabha Judicial review, independence of judiciary Concurrent list Cooperative federalism Centre State relationship Joint sitting of two houses of Parliament

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POLITY Provisions Borrowed

USSR

Fundamental duties

Canada

Federal system Residuary powers Appointment of Governor Advisory jurisdiction of S.C.

Weimer Suspension of fundamental Constitution rights during emergency of Germany Ballot system

South Africa Procedure of Constitutional amendment. Electing member to Rajya Sabha

Ireland

Concept of Directive Principles of State Policy. Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha by the President. Presidential election.

Directive Principles of State Policy PART IV Article (36 − 51):

• These Principles are in the nature of instruments of instruction and guidelines to the govt. • Directives are not enforceable in the Courts and do not create any justiciable rights in favour of the individuals. • In case of a conflict between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights of the Constitution, the latter shall prevail.

Fundamental duties

Part IV-A–Article 51-A, added by 42nd Amendment, 1976 It says that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India (there are eleven such duties, after the 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002):

The Union (Article 51-151)

The President of India • Article 52 says that “There shall be a President of India.” • Article 53 says that the executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President.

Election

The Electoral College consists of: (a) elected members of both Houses of Parliament, and (b) elected members of Legislative Assembly of States.

Article 57: The President is eligible for re-Election to that office.

The President shall hold office for a term of 5 years. The President can resign from his office any time by addressing the resignation letter to the Vice-President of India.

Tenure (Article 56)

Executive Powers - Article 53

All executive powers of the Union are vested in him. • President appoints the Prime Minister and other ministers; and they hold office during his pleasure. • He appoints the Attorney General of India, Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, the Chairman and Members of the UPSC, the Governors of the states, the Chairman and the members of the Finance Commissions, etc.

The Legislative Powers

• The President can summon or end a session of the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha.

National Emergency

• National emergency is caused by war, external aggression or armed rebellion in the whole of India or a part of its territory. • President can declare national emergency only on a written request by the Cabinet Ministers headed by the Prime Minister and the proclamation must be approved by the Parliament within one month.

State Emergency or President’s Rule

A State Emergency can be imposed via the following: 1. If that State failed to run Constitutionally, i.e. constitutional machinery has failed Article 356 2. If that State is not working according to the given direction of the Union Government – Article 365 3. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of two months.

Veto Powers

The President of India is vested with three— absolute veto, suspensive veto and pocket veto. • In 1986, President Zail Singh exercised the pocket veto with respect to the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill.

(18) Abolition of titles.

(22) Protection against arrest & detention in certain cases.

(17) Abolition of untouchability.

(28) Freedom from attending religious instruction or worship in certain educational institutions.

(27) Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any religion.

(21) Protection of life & personal liberty.

(16) Equality of opportunity in public employment

(30) Right of minorities to establish & administer educational institutions.

Includes writs: (1) Habeas Corpus (2) Mandamus (3) Prohibition (4) Certiorari (5) Quo–warranto

Articles 32

Right to Constitutional Remedies

FRs available only to citizens & Not to Foreigners- Art. 15, 16, 19, 29, 30

Curtural and Educational Rights

(26 ) Manage religious affairs.

Right to Freedom of Religion

(20) Protection in respect of (24) Prohibition of (15) Prohibition of discrimination on conviction for offences. employment of grounds of religion, children in factories race, sex etc. etc.

Right Against Exploitation

Fundamental Rights

Borrowed from USA & France

Can be Suspended during Emergency except Art. 20 & 21

Articles Articles 25-28 29-30 (25) Freedom of conscience & (29) Protection of free profession, practice & interests of propagation of religion. minorities.

Right to Freedom

Part III (Article 12 to 35)

Articles Articles Articles 14-18 19-22 23-24 (14) Equality before Law (19) 6 Rights: Freedom of (23) Prohibition of traffic & Equal protection speech & expression, in human beings & of law. Assembly, Association, forced labour. Movement, Residence & Profession.

Right to Equality

Magna Carta of India

POLITY GK-45

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The Vice-President (Art. 66-73) • Article 63 says that there should be a VicePresident of India. • The Vice-President shall be the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha (Article 64). • The Vice-President can be removed from office by a resolution of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha), passed by a majority of its members at that time and agreed to by the House of the People (Lok Sabha). (Article 67) Council of Ministers • Art 74 (1): It provides that, “There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as its head to aid and advise the President who shall in exercise of his/ her functions act in accordance with such advice. • If the Lok Sabha passes a ‘no-confidence motion’, the entire Council of Ministers including PM has to resign.

The Prime Minister

Prime Minister is the real executive authority. • Art 75 (1) : The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. • He allocates & reshuffles various portfolios among the Ministers. • Prime Minister is the key link between the Cabinet and the Parliament and keystone of Cabinet architecture.

Union Legislature

• Part V of the Constitution deals with Parliament. According to Article 79, there shall be a Parliament for the Union, which shall consists of: • President of India. • Two houses consists of Council of States (Rajya Sabha or Upper House) and Lok Sabha or Lower House.

Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

• Its first sitting was held on April 3, 1952. • Article 80 of the Constitution lays down the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha as 250, out of which 12 members are nominated by the President, 238 are representatives of the States and of the two Union Territories. • The present strength of Rajya Sabha, however, is 245, out of which 233 are representatives of the States and Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry and 12 are nominated by the President.

POLITY • The Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for 6 years. One-third of the members retire every two years.

Lok Sabha (People’s House) • Its first sitting took place on May 13, 1952 • All the members of the Parliament are popularly elected, except not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian community, who are nominated by the President. • In the Constitution, the strength of the Lok Sabha was provisioned to be not more than 552 : 530 from the States, 20 from the Union Territories and 2 nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. • Under the current laws, the strength of Lok Sabha is 545, including the two seats reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community.

Bills

The bill can broadly be categorised as: (a) Ordinary bills (b) Money bills Ordinary Bills • All the Bills other than Financial Bills • Money Bills and the Constitutional Amendment Bills are Ordinary Bills. • Such Bills can be introduced in either House of the Parliament (in Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha) without the recommendation of the President, except those Bills under Article 3 (i.e., Bills related to reorganisation of the territory of a State). Money Bills • Money Bill is defined in Art. 110 of the Constitution. • As per the Article, any Bill dealing with all or any of the matters enumerated from (a) to (g) of the same Article shall be a Money Bill. • Money Bills are: imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax. Financial Bills A Financial Bill cannot be introduced without the President’s recommendation, and it can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Constitutional Amendment Bills • Art. 368 deals with the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution, and the procedure thereof. • A Bill for this can be introduced in either House (the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament.

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POLITY

Speaker of the lok sabha

The States (Article 152-237)

• After formation of a new Lok Sabha the President appoints a Speaker pro-tem who is the senior most member of the House. • A Deputy Speaker is also elected to officiate in the absence of the Speaker. • The Speaker is the Chief Presiding Officer of the Lok Sabha. • The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker may be removed from their offices by a resolution passed by the House with an effective majority of the House after a prior notice of 14 days to them.

The Governor (Article 153-162)

The Supreme Court

• It is the upper house. • Parliament may by law create or abolish Legislative Council. • It can be created, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to the effect by special majority.

• The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India with the power of constitutional review. • It comprises the Chief Justice of India and 30 other judges. Tenure and Qualification and Salary • Judges of Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India, and service till the age of 65 years. Impeachment • A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed under the Constitution only on grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity and by an order of the President of India, after a notice signed by at least 100 members of the Lok Sabha or 50 members of the Rajya Sabha is passed by a two-third majority in each House of the Parliament. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) (Article 148-151) • CAG is appointed by the President of India under Article 148 of the Constitution and shall only be removed from the office in the like manner as a Judge of the Supreme Court. • The first CAG of India was V Narahari Rao Attorney General of India

• According to Article 76 the Attorney General of India is the Government’s chief legal advisor, and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. • The First Attorney General was M.C. Setalvad. • Mukul Rohatgi is the incumbent Attorney General of India.

• The Governor of a State is appointed by the President of India (Article 155). • The same Governor can act as Governor of more than one State (Article 153-162).

Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)

• It is the lower and popular house of the State. Members are chosen by direct election • According to Article 172, duration of Assembly is normally 5 years. But it may be dissolved earlier by the Governor.

Legislative Council (Article 169)

High Courts (Article 214-232)

• There shall be a High Court for each State Article-214. • The Judiciary in the states consist of a High Court and subordinate courts. • There are 24 High Courts in India • The Calcutta High Court is the oldest of all which was established in 1862. The Bombay and Madras High Courts were established in the same year. • Chhatisgarh, Uttarakhand (Nainital) and Jharkhand (Ranchi) High Courts were established in the year 2000.

The Panchayati Raj (Article 243-O)

• Rajasthan is the first state in India, where Panchayati Raj was implemented in the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992. • It gave Constitutional status to Panchayati Raj system. • After Amendment Panchayati Raj added to the 11th Schedule of the Constitution

The Three Tire System of Local Governance • Gram Panchayat at Village Level • Panchayat Samiti at Block Level • Zila Parishad at District Level

The Municipalities (Article 243P-243 ZG)

• PART IX A added by 74th Amendment Act 1992, gives a constitutional foundation to the local self government units in urban area. • Nagar Panchayat, is for an area being transformed from a rural area to an urban. • Municipal Council is for a smaller urban area.

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• Municipal Corporation is for a larger urban area. The Municipal Corporation is the topmost urban local government.

Election Commission (Article 324-329)

Article 324 says that the superintendence, direction and control of elections shall be vested in the Election Commission. Article 325 provides for a single electoral roll for every constituency. Article 326 stipulates that elections shall be held on the basis of adult suffrage.

Political Parties

• As per the provisions of the Peoples Representation Act, 1951 political parties are registered with the Election Commission of India. • The Anti-defection law, passed in 1985, prevents the MPs or the MLAs elected as candidates from one party forming or joining a new party, unless they comprise more than onethird of the original party, in the Legislature.

Recognition and Reservation of Symbols

• A party registered with the Election Commission may be granted recognition as a National or a State party on the basis of its performance in polls.

Parliamentary Terms

• Calling Attention: Moved to call the attention of a Minister to matters of public importance. • Interim Government: This Government is formed during the transitional phase of the history of the country. • Ordinance: An ordinance is a law promulgated by the head of the State in a situation of urgency when the Legislature cannot frame the law because either it is not in session or it is dissolved. • Question Hour: The first one hour period (usually 11: 00 a. m. to 12: 00 a. m.) each day during the meetings of the Parliament is allotted for asking the questions by the members to be replied by the Ministers, is called the Question Hour. • Quorum: It refers to the required presence of the minimum member of members of a body to hold its meetings and conduct its business. • Whip: This is an official appointed by a political party to regulate and monitor the behaviour of its members in the Legislature. • Zero Hour: It is a period which follows after the Question Hour when the members

POLITY raise any issue of public importance on very short or even without any notice.

Adjournment •• To draw attention of Parliament to a matter of motion urgent public importance. •• Motion needs the support of 50 members for admission. •• Rajya Sabha cannot move this motion. No Confidence •• Moved to prove the confidence of Lok Sabha in Motion the Council of Ministers. •• If No Confidence Motion is passed, Council of Ministers has to resign. •• No Confidence Motion needs the support of 50 members to be admitted. •• Can be moved only in Lok Sabha.

Union Public Service Commission

• The Union Public Service Commission consists of a Chairman and other members appointed by the President and they hold office for a period of 6 years from the date of their appointment. • It conducts examinations for appointment to the Services of the Union. • Age of retirement for a member of UPSC is 65 years and for a member of PSC of a State or a Joint Commission is 62 years.

NITI Aayog

• NITI Aayog or National Institution for Transforming India Aayog is a policy think-tank of Government of India that replaces Planning Commission and aims to involve the States in economic policymaking in India. • It will be providing strategic and technical advice to the Central and the State Governments. The Prime Minister heads the Aayog as its chairperson.

National Development Council(NDC)

• The National Development Council was formed in 1952, to associate the States in the formulation of the plans. • All members of the Union Cabinet, Chief Minister of States, the Administrators of the Union Territories and members of NITI Ayog are members of the NDC.

POLITY

Finance Commission • As per Article 280 of the Constitution of India the Finance Commission is established. • It is a quasi-judicial body. • It consists of a chairman and four other members.

Lokpal

In India, the institution of Ombudsman (Swedish word meaning Commissioner) has given the name of Lokpal & use it as an anticorruption institution.

Lokayukta

The anti-corruption institution of Lokayukta is set up at the state level. He is appointed by the Governor of the State. In most of the States, the term of office fixed for Lokayukta is of 5 years duration or 65 years of age, whichever is earlier.

Advocate General

Each State shall have an Advocate General. He has the right to address & take part in the proceedings of the House of the State Legislature. But he has no right to vote. His functions are similar to those of the Attorney – General.

How J & K Different from Other States? Article 370

Under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, Jammu & Kashmir is granted autonomy. It is a ‘temporary provision’ that accords special status to the State. • Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are not applied to J&K but applied to other States. • President can’t declare financial emergency (salaries and allowances reduction, etc.) in relation to J&K. • High Court of J&K can issue writs only for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. • Right to property is still guaranteed in J&K. • Permanent residents of J&K have some special fundamental rights. • Although Supreme Court, EC and CAG are applicable to J&K along with all other States.

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Amendments of the Constitution (Article 368) There are three types of bills that seek to amend the Constitution: 1. Bills that are passed by Parliament by Simple Majority. 2. Bills that have to be passed by Parliament by Special Majority. 3. Bills that have to be passed by Special Majority and also to be ratified by not less than one-half of the State Legislatures. Important Amendments • The first Amendment Act to the Indian Constitution was made in the year 1951. Ninth Schedule was added. • The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution. • The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: The Act places beyond challenge in courts the election to Parliament of a person holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and the election of President and Vice-President. • The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976: It was enacted during the period of National Emergency. • The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978: It restores civil liberties by deleting Article 3ID which gave powers to Parliament to curtail even legitimate trade union activity under the guise of legislation for the prevention of anti-national activities. • The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978: Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended during a national emergency. • The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989: It lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. • The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992: To ensure direct election to all seats in Panchayats. • The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992: was made to ensure direct election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and Municipalities.

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Geography Universe and the Solar System Universe, the vast and infinite space having million of galaxies is believed to be at least 10 billion light years in diameter it has been expanding since its creation in the Big Bang. The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. Solar system consist of 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. It also consist of stars.

Planets Planet Mercury

Venus

Earth

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Rolational Time 59 Days

243 Days

1 Day

1.03 Days

9 hrs 56 min

10 hrs 40 min

17 hrs 14 min

Neptune 16 hrs 7 min

Pluto

6 Days 9 hrs

Orbital Time 88 Days

255 Days

365 Days

687 Days

11 yrs 11 months

29 yrs 5 months

84 yrs

164 yrs

248 yrs

Some facts about planets

No. of Moons 0

1

2

16

18

17

8

1

1. Biggest Planet is Jupiter 2. Biggest Satellite is Ganymede 3. Blue Planet is Earth 4. Green Planet is Uranus 5. Brightest Planet is Venus 6. Brightest Planet outside Solar System is Sirus 7. Closest Star of Solar System is Proxima Centauri 8. Coldest Planet is Neptune 9. Evening Star is Venus 10. Farthest Planet from Sun is Neptune 11. Planet with maximum number of satellites is Saturn 12. Fastest revolution in solar system is by Mercury 13. Hottest Planet is Venus

14. Densest Planet is Earth 15. Fastest Rotation in Solar System by Jupiter 16. Morning Star is Venus 17. Nearest Planet to Earth is Venus 18. Nearest Planet to Sun is Mercury 19. Red Planet is Mars 20. Slowest Revolution in Solar System is by Neptune 21. Slowest Rotation in Solar System is by Venus 22. Smallest Planet is Mercury 23. Smallest Satellite is Deimos 24. Earth’s Twin-is Venus 25. Atmosphere like Earth is on Titan

Keywords in Universe

• Constellation : A group of stars forming some recognised shape.

• Saptarishi Mandal : The constellation of Great Bear or Ursa Major.

• Ursa Major : One of the most prominent and largest northern constellation also called the Great Bear. • Galaxy : A system of millions or billions of stars found in clusters. • Milky Way Galaxy : Our solar system belongs to this galaxy.

• Orbits : The elongated path on which the planets revolve round the sun. • Planets : The bodies made up of rocks or gases and liquids with no light of their own going round the sun.

• Moon : Refers to the earth’s Moon. Generally all satellites going round their respective planets are also termed as the moons. • Asteroids : Planetoids found located in a gap between Mars and Jupiter.

• Shooting stars : The rapidly moving meteors that burn upon entering the earth’s atmosphere. • Meteorites : The fragments of meteors falling on the ground or in the oceans.

• Comets : A mass of ice and dust with a long tail moving around the solar system.

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GEOGRAPHY Earth’s Facts

Earth N

N

N TORID ZONE

Equator

S

• Solstice : Any of the two occasions, Summer Solstice (21 June) and Winter Solstice (22 December) When the sun is at its highest or lowest point respecitvely in the sky. These occasions are marked by the longest and the shortest days.

• Equinox : Any of the two occasions in a year (23 September and 21 March) when days and nights are of equal length throughout the world.

S S Important Parallels and Heat zones

Facts about Latitude Lattitudes

Major Continents

Tropic of Cancer

North America, Africa and Asia

Equator

Tropics of Capricorn

South America, Africa, Asia

South America, Africa, Asia

Atmosphere

Major Countries Bahamas, Mexico, Mauritania, Mali, Western Sahara, Algeria, Niger, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, China, Abudhabi, Oman, Bangladesh, Burma, and Taiwan.

Equador, Colombia Brazil, Sao Tome & Prince, Gobon Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia.

Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia, French Polinesia, Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga and Coolis Island, etc.

Atmosphere is a mixture of gases.

Gaseous Composition of Atmosphere Component

Per cent by Volume

Nitrogen

78.08%

Argon

0.93%

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide Neon

Helium Ozone

Hydrogen

20.94% 0.03%

0.0018% 0.0005%

0.00006% 0.00005%

Geographical Phenomena

• Earthquake waves: Earthquakes generate pulses of energy called Seismic waves that can pass through the entire Earth.

Cyclone The system of wind rotating inward to an area of low pressure zone from its surrounding high pressure area. Cyclones

Region

Typhoons

China

Tornadoes

USA

Tropical

Hurricanes Willy-Willy Taifu

Tides

Indian Ocean

Caribbean sea Australia Japan

• The periodic phenomenon of alternate rise and fall in the sea levels is known as Tide. • It is produced due to gravitational interaction of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun. • Spring tides: On the full moon and the new moon, tides are highest which are called Spring tides.

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• Neap tides: A tide just after the first or third quarters of the moon when there is least difference between high and low water is called Neap tides.

Waves

• Waves are the oscillatory movements in water mainly produced by winds, manifested by an alternate rise and fall in the entire sea surface.

Types of Rocks

On the basis of modes of formation there are three types of rocks. • Igneous Rocks: Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava such as granite and diorite. • Sedimentary Rocks: Sedimentary rocks are derived from the process of deposition and solidification of sediments after the process of denudation. For instance; Sandstone, limestone and chalk rock salts, gypsum or calcium sulphate, etc. • Metamorphic Rocks: Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means “change in form”. Gneiss phyllite, slate, schist, marble, quartzite, etc belongs to the category of metamorphic rocks.

Indian Geography

• India is the seventh largest country in the world. • It covers an area of 32,87,2631 sq. km. • India is situated North of the Equator between 8°4’ and 37°C’ North latitude and 68°7’ and 97°25’ east longitude and is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal in the East, the Arabian sea in the West and the Indian Ocean to the South.

List of Indian State Sharing Border with Neighbour Country Countries

Indian States

Pakistan

Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujrat

China

Nepal Bangladesh Bhutan

Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh

Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura and Asom West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Asom

GEOGRAPHY Myanmar

Afghanistan

Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan occupied area)

Mountain Ranges in India

• The Himalayan Range is the world’s highest mountain range. • The tallest peak of the world, Mt. Everest, is also a part of it. • Karakoram Range lies in Jammu and Kashmir and comprises more than 60 peaks. • K2 (Mount Godwin Austen) is the second highest peak of the world, also a part of this range. Its height is 8611m or 28,251 fit. • Shivalik Hills extend from the Arunachal Pradesh to West Bengal and from Uttarakhand to Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Jammu, Kangra and Vaishno Devi are a part of this range. • Vindhya Range spreads across central India and extends across 1,050 km. • Aravalli Range is India’s oldest mountain range and spreads across the parts of Rajasthan, Delhi and Haryana. Guru Shikhar in Mount Abu is the highest peak of this range. • Satpura Range stretches from Gujarat and runs to Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

Mountain Passes of India

Himalayan passes • Banihal pass — between Doda and Anantnag (Jawahar Tunnel), J & K. • Shipki La — River Sutlej enters India from Tibet, Himachal Pradesh. • Bara Lachan La — between Kyelang and Leh, Himachal Pradesh. • Rohtang pass — between Kullu and Kyelang, Himachal Pradesh. • Bomdila pass — between Tezpur and Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh. Himalayan passes between India and China • Shipki La — Himachal Pradesh. • Thaga La and Niti La — Uttarakhand . • Lipu Lekh La — Tri-junction, IndiaNepal-China, Uttarakhand. • Jelep La — Between India and China (Gangtok-Lhasa Road) Sikkim. • Nathu La — Between India and China (Entry to Chumbi Valley) Sikkim.

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GEOGRAPHY Trans Himalayan passes • Karakoram pass and Aghil pass — Jammu & Kashmir.

Passes in Western Ghats • Palghat — between Palakkad and Coimbatore. • Shenkota — between Kollam and Madurai. • Thalghat — between Mumbai and Pune. • Bhorghat — between Mumbai and Nasik.

Important Lakes in India

Lakes Name Kolleru Lake, Pulicat Lake

Deepor Beel, Chandubi Lake, Haflong Lake, Son Beel Kanwar Lake Hamirsar Lake, Kankaria Lake, Nal Sarovar, Sursagar Lake Brighu Lake, Dashir Lake, Dhankar Lake, Kareri (Kumarwah) Lake, Khajjiar Lake, Macchial Lake, Maharana Pratap Sagar, Manimahesh Lake, Nako Lake, Pandoh Lake,

State Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Gujarat

Himachal Pradesh

Prashar Lake, Renuka Lake, Suraj Taal, Chandra Taal Badkhal Lake, Brahma Sarovar, Karna Lake, Sannihit Sarovar, Surajkund Lake, Tilyar Lake, Blue Bird Lake Dal Lake, Pangong Tso, Sheshnag Lake Bellandur Lake, Ulsoor Lake, Sankey Lake, Agara Lake, Karanji lake, Kukkarahalli lake, Lingambudhi Lake, Pampa Sarovar Ashtamudi Lake, Maanaanchira Lake Upper Lake, Lower Lake Moti Jheel

Gorewada Lake, Lonar Lake Umiam Lake Loktak Lake Palak Dil Lake, Tam Dil Lake Anshupa Lake, Chilka Lake, Kanjia Lake Kanjli Wetland, Harike Wetland, Ropar Wetland

Himacha Pradesh Haryana Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Meghalaya Manipur Mizoram Odisha Punjab

Important Rivers of India

Name

Origin From

Fall into

Length (km)

Ganges Satluj Indus Ravi Beas Jhelum Yamuna Chambal Ghagra Kosi Betwa Son Brahmaputra Narmada Tapti Mahanadi Luni Ghaggar Sabarmati

Combined Sources Mansarovar Rakas Lakes Near Mansarovar Lake Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass Near Rohtang Pass Verinag in Kashmir Yamunotri M.P. Matsatung Glacier Near Gosain Dham Park Vindhyanchal Amarkantak Near Mansarovar Lake Amarkantak Betul Distt. of M.P. Raipur Distt. in Chattisgarh Aravallis Himalayas Aravallis

Bay of Bengal Chenab Arabian Sea Chenab Satluj Chenab Ganga Yamuna Ganga Ganga Yamuna Ganga Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambat Gulf of Khambat Bay of Bengal Rann of Kuchchh Near Fatehabad Gulf of Khambat

2525 1050 2880 720 470 725 1375 1050 1080 730 480 780 2900 1057 724 858 450 494 416

GP_3404 GK-54

Krishna Godavari Cauvery Tungabhadra

GEOGRAPHY Western ghats Nasik distt. in Maharashtra Brahmagir Range of Western Ghats Western Ghats

Mineral Resources

Aluminium Antimony Asbestos Bauxite

Cement

China Clay Chromite Coal

Cobalt Copper Diamond Gold

Graphite Gypsum Iron Ore Lac

Lead

Lignite

Kerala. Antimony deposits are found in Punjab and Karnataka. Karnataka and Rajasthan. Ranchi and Palamau districts of Jharkhand, Belgaum, Jharia and Thana districts of Maharashtra, Balaghat, Jabalpur, Mandya and Bilaspur districts of Chhattisgarh. Katni (M.P.), Lakheri (Rajasthan), Jabalpur (M.P.), Guntur (Andhra Pradesh), Jhinikapani (Singhbhum district of Jharkhand), Surajpur (Haryana). Rajmahal Hills, Singhbhum (district of Jharkhand), Kerala. Singhbhum and Bhagalpur (Jharkhand), Ratnagiri. Raniganj (West Bengal), Jharia, Bokaro (Jharkhand), Giridih, Karanpur, Panch Valley and Chanda (M.P.), Singareni (Andhra Pradesh) and Mukum (Assam). Rajasthan and Kerala. Jharkhand (Singhbhum and Barajamda), Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (Khetri). Diamond mines are found in Panna district of Madhya Pradesh, Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. Kolar gold-fields (Karnataka). Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Odisha and Kerala. Bikaner and Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu), Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Chhattisgarh, Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj (Odisha). West Bengal.

Zawar in Udaipur and at the Banjavi mines in Jaipur.

Neyveli in South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).

Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal Krishna River

Limestone

Manganese Marble Mica

Petroleum Red Stone Salt Silver Tungsten Uranium Zinc

1327 1465 805 640

Singareni and Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Panchmahals (Gujarat), Balaghat, Bhandara, Chhindwara, Nagpur. Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. Jaipur (Rajasthan). Koderma in Hazaribagh district, Jharkhand, Monghyr. Digboi, Badarpur, Musimpur and Patharia fields of Assam. Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan), and ocean water in Rann of Kutch. Goldfields (Karnataka), Singhbhum. Bihar, Nagpur (Maharashtra) and Marwar. Bihar. Zawar mines in Udaipur (Rajasthan).

World Geography

• Asia (43,820,000 sq km) includes 50 countries, and it is the most populated continent, the 60% of the total population of the Earth live here. • Africa (30, 370, 000 sq km) comprises 54 countries. It is the hottest continent and home of the world’s largest desert, the Sahara, occupying the 25% of the total area of Africa. • North America (24, 490,000 sq km) includes 23 countries. Led by the USA as the largest economy in the world.

• South America (17,840,000 sq km) comprises 12 countries. Here is located the largest forest, the Amazon rainforest, which covers 30% of the South America total area. • Antarctica (13,720,000 sq km) is the coldest continent in the world, completely covered with ice. There are no permanent inhabitants, except of scientists maintaining research stations in Antarctica.

GK-55

GEOGRAPHY • Europe (10,180,000 sq km) comprises 51 countries. It is the most developed economically continent with the European Union as the biggest economic and political union in the world. • Australia (9,008,500 sq km) includes 14 countries. It is the least populated continent after Antarctica, only 0.3% of the total Earth population live here.

List of Ocean in the World

RANK OCEAN NOTES 1 Pacific Separated into north and South pacific. 2. Atlantic Separated into north and south Atlantic 3. Indian Known as the sea south of India containing the water of Arabian and Laccadive Seas 4. Southern Extension of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans 5. Arctic The sea around North pole containing the water of Greenland sea.

Important Grassland

Regions

Grassland

Australia

Dawns

North America

Prairies

South America (Argentina & Uruguay)

Pampas

Africa and Australia South America

Savannah

Europe and Northern Asia Europe and Asia South Africa

Selvas

Steppes Taiga

Velds

Longest Rivers

Name, Nation/ Continent Nile Africa Amazon, South America Yangtze Kiang, China Mississippi Missouri, USA Ob Irtysh, Russia

Length Basin Area 2 in kms m km 6695 3.25 6516 6.14 6380 5959 5568

1.72 3.20 2.97

Yenisey Angari a Selenga, Asia Yellow (Hwang Ho), China Congo (Zaire), Africa Parana Rio de la Plata, S. Am

Lakes

5550

2.55

5464 4667 4500

– – 2.58

Deepest Lakes Baikal, Russian Fedn Tanganyika, Africa Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe Malawi of Nyasa, Africa Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan

Deserts

1620 m 1463 m 1025 m 706 m 702 m

Largest Deserts of the World Subtropical Sahara, North Africa

Arabian, Middle East

Great Victoria, Australia

Kalahari, Southern Africa Chihuahuan, Mexico

Thar, India/Pakistan

Great Sandy, Australia Gibson, Australia

Sonoran, S.W. USA

Simpson/Stony, N Africa Mohave, S.W. USA Cool Coastal

Atacama, Chile SA

Namib, S.W. Africa Cold Winter Gobi, China

Patagonian, Argentina

Great Basin, S.W. USA Kara-kum, West Asia Colorado, Western USA, also called the Painted Desert Kyzyl-kum, West Asia Taklamakan, China Iranian, Iran

8,600,650 sq. km 2,300,000 sq. km 647,475 sq. km 582,727 sq. km 453,232 sq. km 453,232 sq. km 388,485 sq. km 310,788 sq. km 310,788 sq. km 145,034 sq. km 139,854 sq. km 139,854 sq. km 33,668 sq. km

1,166,450 sq km 673,374 sq km

492,081 sq. km 349,636 sq. km 336,687 sq. km 297,838 sq. km 271,939 sq. km 258,990 sq. km

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Economy Measures/Concepts of National Income

Economic Planning in India • 1934: First attempt to initiate economic planning in India was made by Sir M.Visvesvarayya, through his book ‘Planned Economy For India’. • 1938: ‘National Planning Commission’ was set up under the chairmanship of J.L. Nehru first time. • 1944: ‘Bombay Plan’ was presented by 8 leading industrialists of Bombay. • 1944: ‘Gandhian Plan’ was given by S. N. Agarwal. • 1945: ‘People’s Plan’ was given by M. N. Roy. • 1950: ‘Sarvodaya Plan’ was given by J. P. Narayan.

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

GDP = Q × P,

Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017)

Major objective: Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive Growth. The main points of the Twelfth Plan are:

Resource Allocation Priorities in 12 plan

th

• Health and Education received less than projected in Eleventh Plan. • Infrastructure, including irrigation and watershed management and urban infrastructure, will need additional 0.7 percentage point of GDP over the next 5 years.

National Income

• National Income is the money value of all the final goods & services which produced by a country during one year. • India is now the world’s 3rd largest economy in terms of real prices and purchasing power.

Q = Total quantity of final goods & services. P = Price of final goods & services.

2. Gross National Product (GNP)

The Planning Commission

• It was set up on March 15, 1950 under the chairmanship J.L. Nehru, by a resolution of Union Cabinet. • It is an extra-constitutional, non-statutory body. • Prime Minister is the ex-officio Chairman, one deputy-Chair appointed by the PM and some full time members. • In January 2015, Cabinet resolution replaced the Planning Commission by NITI Aayog.

GDP is the total money value of all final goods & services produced within the geographical boundaries of the country (produced by resident citizens + foreign nationals) during a given period of time, generally one year.

GNP is the money value of total output or production of final goods & services produced by the nationals of a country during a given period of time, generally a year. In this case, the income of all the resident & non-resident citizens of a country is included whereas the income of foreign nationals who reside within the geographical boundary of the country is excluded. GNP = GDP + (X – M)

X = Export of goods & services M = Import of goods & services X – M = Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA) So,

GNP = GDP + NFIA

(i)

NNP at market price:

3. Net National Product (NNP): can be calculated in 2 ways:

NNP = GNP – Depreciation

Depreciation means wear & tear of goods produced. NNP at market price includes Indirect taxes and excludes subsidies. (ii) NNP at factor cost: NNP at factor cost calculates National Income only on the basis of cost incurred to produce the goods & services. This cost is the payment made to the factors of production.

NNPfc = NNPmp – Indirect Taxes + Subsidy

GK-57

ECONOMY When NNP is obtained at factor cost, it is known as National Income. Likewise, GDP at factor cost also can be calculated.

DPI = Personal Income – Direct Taxes.

6. National Income at constant price & current price

GDPfc = GDPmp – Indirect Taxes + Subsidy

NI CONSTANT PRICE = Total quantity of all final goods & services produced in a particular year × Price of base year.

4. Personal Income

It is that income which is actually obtained by nationals in one year. P.I. = National Income – Undistributed Profits of Corporation – Payments for Social Security Provisions – Corporate Taxes + Government Transfer payments + Business Transfer payments + Net Interest paid by government. SOCIAL SECURITY PROVISIONS = Payments made by employees towards pension & provident fund TRANSFER PAYMENTS = Payments made not against any productive activity. eg. – old age pension, unemployment compensation, disaster relief payment, etc.

NI CURRENT PRICE = Total quantity of all final goods & services produced in a particular year × Price of goods & services in that particular year.

Budget Budget is an annual financial statement. The Budget in India is divided into 2 parts – Revenue Account & Capital Account.

5. Disposal Personal Income (DPI)

Base year of National Income accounts is the year chosen to enable inter – year comparisons. The new series changes the base to 2011–12 from 2004–05

Income that is available to individuals that can be disposed at their will.

Budget

Revenue A/C

Capital A/C

Receipts

Tax

Expenditure

Expenditure

Non – Tax

Income & Expenditure

Commodities & Services Currency Coinage & Mint Property & Capital

Indian Tax Structure

General Services (Police, Judiciary, Defence)

Others

Economic Services (Agriculture Industries, Transportation, Trade)

Social & Community Services (Education, Medical, Employment)

Interest Receipts & Dividends

• Tax Structure present in India is very strong and follows the financial year. • Direct taxes are those which are imposed on a person either on his income or wealth and the tax liability cannot be

Net Recoveries of Loans & Advances

loans to Economic, Defence states & Social & & Others UTs Community development

Receipts

Net Market Net Small Others Borrowing Savings Collections

escaped. It is governed by Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT). • Indirect tax is collected by middle men in the channels of distribution of goods and it is remitted to the Government treasury. It is governed by Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC).

GP_3404 GK-58

ECONOMY India Tax Structure Taxes/imposed by

Central Government

State Government

Local Government

• Property tax Direct taxes Indirect taxes Direct taxes Indirect taxes • Income tax • Custom duty • Professional tax • Entertainment • Water tax • Sewerage tax • Wealth tax • Central excise • Agricultural tax • V.A.T • Service tax • State excise duty • Central sales

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Features

Poverty Poverty

• Uniform regim of taxes across India.

Poverty can be defined as a social phenomenon in which a section of the society is unable to fulfil even its basic necessities of life.

• States will collect services taxes.

Magnitude of Poverty in India

• Common market of goods and services across India. • Centre will collect Integrated Goods and Service Tax (IGST) or inter-state supplies.

• IGST rate will be equal to Central GST (CGST) + State GST (SGST). • It will subsume 16 central or state’s taxes.

The Planning Commission of India has estimated rural and urban poverty in India from the sixth Five Year Plan ownwards.

Type of Poverty

• GST structure : 5%, 12%, 18% & 28%

1. Absolute 2. Relative

GST Replaces

Unemployment

Cess Surcharge : Luxury cars-15%; Aerated drink & water–15%; Pan masala – 135%; Tobacco & Cigarettes–290%.

States Taxes • VAT/Sales Tax • •

• •

Central Taxes • Central Excise Duty Entry Tax/Octroi • Excise Duty on Medicines and Toilet Local Tax • Additional Custom Duty Entertainment • Sp. Add. Custom Tax Duty Purchase Tax • Countervailing Duty Mandi Tax/Local • Service Tax Levis Luxury Tax • Cesses and surcharges Tax on Lottery and Betting Inter-state Tax

Unemployment in India In broad sense a state of unemployment appears when a labour does not obtain employment opportunity despite his willingness to work on existing wage rate. Different Types of Unemployment in India

1. Structural Unemployment

This type of unemployment is associated with economic structure of the country, i.e. rapidly growing population, technological change and their immobility fall in rate of capital formation.

2. Under-employment

The labourers are under-employed who obtain work but their efficiency and capability are not utilised at their optimum and as a result they contribute in the production upto a limited level.

GK-59

ECONOMY

Schemes for Women and Child Development 1. Ahimsa Messengers • Scheme of Ministry of women and child development launched by UPA in 2013. • Includes Women Panchayati Raj Members, Youth, NGOs etc. • These people work for prevention of violence against women, dowry etc. 2. CSWB • Central social welfare board (CSWB). • To implement welfare programs for women and children via NGOs, family counselling, awareness generation etc. 3. Poorna Shakti Kendra • Created under National Mission for empowerment of women in 2013. • One stop information centres. • Help women get benefit from various govt. schemes. 4. SABLA • Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls launched in 2011. • To provide nutrition for growing adolescent girls by provision of food grains. • All girls will be given a kishori card which will be updated with details of the girl’s growth and provision of the food grains. • SABLA is created by merging earlier two schemes: Nutrition program for adolescent girls + Kishori Shakti Yojana. • Target: girls aged 11-18. • 100 gms of foodgrain per day per girl for 300 days in a year. 5. Saksham • This is a scheme by Ministry of Women and Child Development launched in 2012. • Made due to rising demand for gender sensitisation among boys after the Delhi gang-rape incident. • It’ll give training/moral education to adolescent boys (11-18 age) to respect women. 6. STEP • Support to Training and Employment program for Women. • Provides skill training.

Child labour v/s Right to Education (RTE)

• RTE = Every child between the ages of 6 and 14 has right to free (and compulsory) elementary education • Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 makes a distinction between hazardous and non-hazard-

ous categories of work for children under 14 years.

National Rural Health Mission

• Focus will be post-menopausal problems, osteoporosis and breast and cervical cancer. • Dovetailing of NRHM with IGMSY [Indra Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana] (conditional cash transfer for maternity benefit) and National Food Security Bill (NFSB) will be undertaken. • Training Anganwadi and ASHA workers (Accredeted Social Health Activist) on issues relating to nutrition, counselling, child rights and gender discrimination

Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram

• This scheme was launched in 2013. • To provide comprehensive healthcare and improve the quality of life of children focus on 4D. • Defects at birth (cleft lip, down’s syndrome, Talipes etc.). • Diseases (dental, heart, asthama etc.).

ICDS

• Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) started in 1975. • Beneficiary-children below the age of six, lactating mothers, pregnant mothers.

Dhanlakshmi

Conditional cash transfer for girl child, launched in 2008, for fulfilling following conditions: • birth and registration of birth • immunization • enrolment and retention in school

Rajiv Gandhi National Creche

• Scheme provides for day-care facilities to 0-6 year-old children of working mothers by opening crèches and development services • Requirement: combined monthly income of both the parents should not exceed `12,000 for availing of the facilities.

Industries

• Public Sector Enterprises (PSE) is a government-owned corporation owned by Union Government of India, or one of the many state or territorial governments, or both. • They are under the Department of Public Enterprises of Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. • There are 298 PSU companies on 31-03-2015 in India.

GP_3404 GK-60

• Maharatna • Navratna • Miniratna

CPSEs (itself divided into Category I & Category II) As on 26 October, 2014 there are 7 Maharatna, 17 Navratna and 73 Miniratna CPSE’s. There are 7 Maharatnas : (i) Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) (ii) Coal India (iii) Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) (iv) GAIL (v) NTPC (vi) Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) (vii) Steel Authority of India (SAIL) There are 17 Navratna CPSEs in the country, these are: 1. 2.

Bharat Electronics Limited Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited

4. 5. 6.

Engineers India Limited Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited

3.

ECONOMY • Mineral based industry (iron and steel, machine tools and aluminium).

B. On the basis of main role played by the industry

C.

Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited

8.

National Aluminium Company Limited

9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17.

Nation al Buildings Construction Corporation Limited NMDC Limited Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited Oil India Limited Power Finance Corporation Limited

Power Grid Corporation of India Limited Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited

Rural Electrification Corporation Limited Shipping Corporation of India Limited

Classification of Industries:

A. On the basis of source of raw materials • Agro based industry (cotton textile, jute textile and sugar).

On the basis of capital investment

• Small scale industry • Large scale industry

D. On the basis of ownership • •

Container Corporation of India Limited

7.

• Basic industries: these are the industries whose finished products are used as the raw materials for other industries. • Consumer goods industries: these are the industries whose finished products are directly used for consumption by consumers.

E.

Public sector undertaking (SAIL, HAL, BEML) Private sector undertaking (TISCO, Mahindra and Mahindra, Birla Cement) • Joint sector undertaking (Oil India Limited) • Co-operative industries (Sugar Industry in Maharashtra)

Based on the bulk of raw materials and finished products

• Heavy industries • Light industries In India, industries are concentrated in four main regions: 1. West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chhatisgarh 2. Maharashtra and Gujarat region 3. Gangetic Plains 4. South India

Banking in India

The State Bank of India is the largest commercial bank in India.

Reserve Bank of India

• Central bank of India. • Established on April 1, 1935 with a capital of ` 5 crore. • Nationalised on January 1, 1949 as Government acquired the private share holdings. • Administration: 14 Directors in Central Board of Directors besides the Governor, 4 Deputy Governors and 1 Government official. The Governor is the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive of the Bank.

GK-61

ECONOMY

Scheduled Banks Scheduled Commercial Banks (163) (Mentioned in II Schedule of RBI ACT, 1934)

Public Sector Banks (26)

Priva te Sector Banks (21)

Scheduled Cooperative Banks (69)

RRBs(82)

Nationalised Bank (20)

Old Private Banks (14)

SBI & Asso (6)

New Private Banks (7)

• Governors: 1st Governor of RBI – Sir Smith (1935-37); 1st Indian Governor- CD Deshmukh (1948-49). • RBI follows Minimum Reserve System worth 200 crore (` 115 crore gold & ` 85 crore bond). • All notes except one rupee are issued by the RBI & bear the signature of RBI Governor. • Where as the one rupee note bears signature of Secretary of Finance (GOI). • No personal accounts are maintained & operated in RBI. Functions of RBI • Issuance of note. • Banker to the Government. • Banker’s Bank. • Controller of Credit • Custodian of Foreign Reserves • Formulates and administers the monetary policy in India. • Acts as the agent of the Government of India in respect to India’s membership of the IMF and the World Bank. • RBI acts as the central clearing house for the inter bank transactions. • Credit control means control over the quantity and value of credit in the country. Among the functions of Central Bank, one main function is to control and regulate the credit in the country. 1. Quantitative Credit Control: Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Open Market Operations (OMO), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo/Reserve Repo.

Non-Scheduled Commercial Banks (4)

Scheduled Urban Cooperative Ban k (53)

Scheduled Stat e Cooperative Bank (16)

2. Qualitative Credit Control: Rationing of Credit, Regulation of Credit for Consumption Purpose, Variation of margin requirements, Moral Control, Direct action.

Printing Press in India

India Security Press (Nashik Road): Postal Material, Postal Stamps, Non-postal Stamps, Judicial and Non-judicial Stamps, Cheques, Bonds, NSC, Kisan Vikas Patra, Securities of State Governments, Public Sector Enterprise and Financial Corporations. Currency Notes Press (Nashik Road): Since 1991, this press prints currency notes of ` 1, ` 2, ` 5, ` 10, ` 50, and ` 100. Bank Notes Press (Dewas): Currency notes of `20, `50, `100 and `500 are printed here. Modernized Currency Notes Press: Two new modernized currency notes press are under establishment at Mysore (Karnataka) and Salboni (West Bengal). Security Paper: Hoshangabad (established in 1967-68) makes production of Bank and Currency notes paper. Coins are minted at four places: Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Noida.

Stock Exchange of India

• The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act of 1956 established for the purpose of assisting, regulating and controlling, business in buying, selling and dealing in securities.”

GP_3404 GK-62

• There are 24 stock exchanges in India.

Bombay Stock Exchange 1875- one of the oldest in the world and oldest in Asia. Madras Stock Exchange- 1920

Ahmedabad Stock Exchange- 1894 Calcutta Stock Exchange- 1908

Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI): April 1988

SEBI

• It was given statutory status and powers through an ordinance promulgated on January 30, 1992. • Its office is situated in Mumbai with regional offices at Delhi, Chennai and Calcutta. Functions of SEBI:  Check insider trading of securities.  Encourage self-regulatory organisations.  Eliminate malpractice of security market.  Safeguard interests of investors.

Agriculture

The agriculture sector of India occupies almost 43% of India’s geographical area.

Importance

• It is the 19% contributor to India’s GDP. • Provides livelihood to 65-70% of total population and employment to 58.4% of total work force. • Importance source of raw materials to large and small scale industries. • Agriculture accounts for 14.7% of total export earnings. • Agriculture and related products contribute to 38% in total exports of the country.

Food grains procurement and Stocks in India

Food grains procurement by government serves two purposes- providing support price to the farmers and building up public stocks of food grains. It is carried by Food Corporation of India (FCI). • Market intervention to augment supply so as to help moderate the open market prices.

Green Revolution in India

• The term ‘green revolution’ was given by American scientist- Dr. William Gande. • The credit of Green Revolution goes to Dr. Norman Borlaug (Mexico) and Dr. M.S. Swaminathan in India.

Second Green Revolution in India • Strategy adopted in Eleventh Plan.

ECONOMY • It aimed at efficient use of resources and conservation of soil, water and ecology on a sustainable basis and in a holistic framework.

Other Revolutions

Revolution Yellow Revolution White Revolution Blue Revolution Pink Revolution Grey Revolution Golden Revolution

Area Oil Seeds Milk Fish Shrimp Fertiliser Horticulture

White Revolution and Operation Flood in India • India stands first in the world in the milk production. • Dr. Varghese Kurien is the pioneer of operation flood in India.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment in a business by an investor from another country for which the foreign investor has control over the company purchased. • A Multi National Enterprise (MNE) may create a new foreign enterprise by making a direct investment, which is called a greenfield investment.

• A MNE may make a direct investment by the acquisition of a foreign firm, which is called an acquisition or prownfield investment . • The Government has allowed 100% FDI in all the sectors except Space (74%), Defence (49%), and News Media (26%). • FDI restrictions in tea plantation has been removed.

Financial Inclusion

The objective of Financial Inclusion is to extend financial services to the large hitherto un-served population of the country to unlock its growth potential. Following are the 1. Expansion of Bank Branch Network. 2. Swabhimaan Scheme 3. Direct Benefit Transfer 4. PAHAL Scheme 5. Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) PMJDY was formally launched on 28th August, 2014.

ECONOMY New Pension System The National Pension System (NPS) was launched on 1st January, 2004 with the objective of providing retirement income to all the citizens. It is a co-contributory pension scheme, ‘Swavalamban Scheme’ in the Union Budget of 2010-11, under which the Government will contribute a sum of ` 1,000 to each eligible NPS subscriber who contributes a minimum of ` 1,000 & maximum ` 12,000 per annum.

Glossary

• Ante date: To give a date prior to that on which it is written, to any cheque, bill or any other document. • Ad valorem tax- a tax based on the value of property. • Balance of trade (or payment): The difference between the visible exports and visible imports of two countries in trade with each other is called balance of payment. • Basis Point: A unit of measurement which is equal to 1/100th of 1%. This is used to measure changes in interest rates, stockmarket indices or yield on fixed income securities. • Balance Sheet: It is a statement of accounts, generally of a business concern, prepared at the end of a year. • Bank Rate: It is the rate of interest charged by the Reserve Bank of India for lending money to Commercial Banks. • Bear: A speculator in the stock market who believes that prices will go down. • Bull: Speculators in the stock markets who buy goods, in some cases without money to pay with, anticipating that prices will go up. • Cartel: It is a combination of business, generally in the same trade formed with a view to controlling prices and enjoy monopoly. • Call money: Loan made for a very short period. It carries a very low rate of interest. • Commercial Banks: Financial institutions that create credit, accept deposits, give loans and perform other financial functions.

GK-63 • Deferred Payment: Payments put off to a future date or extended over a period of time. Interest will usually still accumulates during deferment. • Deflation: Deflation is a reduction in the level of national income and output, usually accompanied by a fall in the general price level. • Depreciation: Reduction in the value of fixed assets due to wear and tear. • Devaluation: Official reduction in the foreign value of domestic currency. It is done to encourage the country’s exports and discourage imports. • Dividend: Earning of stock paid to shareholders. • Dumping: Sale of a commodity at different prices in different markets, lower price being charged in the market where demand is relatively elastic. • Double Taxation: Corporate earnings taxed at both the corporate level and again as a stock holder dividend. • Fiscal policy: Government’s expenditure and tax policy. • Free-trade Area: A form of economic integration in which there exists free internal trade among member countries but each member is free to levy different external tariffs against non-member nations. • Payee (Drawee): The person who receives a payment. This often applies to cheque. • Payer (Drawer): The person who makes a payment. This often applies to cheque. • Repo Rate: The rate at which banks borrow from RBI. It injects liquidity into the market. • Reverse Repo Rate: The rate at which RBI borrows from banks for a short-term. It withdraws liquidity from the market. • Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): SLR is the portion that banks need to invest in the form of cash, gold or government approved securities. • VAT(Value Added Tax): A form of indirect sales tax paid on products and services at each stage of production or distribution, based on the value added at that stage and included in the cost to the ultimate customer.

GP_3404

General Science PHYSICS Physical Quantities Physics is the branch of science which deals with the study of matter, energy, and the interaction between them. • A scalar is a physical quantity that has only a magnitude (size) E.g. : Distance, speed, time, power, energy, etc. • A vector is a physical quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. E.g. Velocity, displacement, acceleration, force etc. Some physical quantities like moment of inertia, stress, etc. are neither scalar nor vector. They are tensor.

Seven Fundamental Physical Quantities and their Units

Physical Quantity

SI Unit

Symbol

Length

meter

m

Temperature

kelvin

K

Mass Time Electric Current

Luminous intensity

Amount of substance

kilogram second ampere

Kg S A

mole

mol

Cd

candela

Some Derived Physical Quantities and their Units

S. No 1. 2.

Motion

Physical Quantity Force Work

cgs unit dyne erg

• First law of Motion - An object at rest will remain at rest or in uniform motion remains in uniform motion unless acted on by an external unbalanced force. This law is often called the law of inertia. i.e., resistance to change. • Second law of Motion - The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the unbalanced external force applied on it. • Third law of Motion - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Circular Motion

• Motion of a body along a circular path is called circular motion. • Centripetal force - while a body is moving along a circular path an external force required to act radially inward. A pseudo force that is equal and opposite to the centripetal force is called centrifugal force.

SI unit newton joule

Relation 1 newton = 105 dyne 1 joule = 107 erg

Cream separator, centrifugal dryer, etc, work on the principle of centrifugal force.

Friction

Friction is a force that is created whenever two surfaces move or try to move across each other. Friction always opposes the motion or attempted motion of one surface across another surface. Instances where friction is important Walking , Driving ,Picking something up, Car brakes,

Work, Energy & Powers Work

• Work refers to an activity involving a force and movement in the direction of the force.

Energy

Capacity of doing work is called energy. • It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms.

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GENERAL SCIENCE • Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. This is Law of Conservation of energy. • The SI unit of energy is joule. • The energy associated with motion is called kinetic energy (K). • The energy associated with position is called potential energy (U).

Conversion of Energy Dynamo-

Electric Motor- Microphone-

Loud Speaker- Electric Bulb- Solar Cell–

Power

• • • •

Mechanical Energy into Electrical Energy. Electrical Energy into Mechanical Energy. Sound Energy into Electrical Energy. Electrical Energy into Sound Energy. Electrical Energy into Light and Heat Energy. Solar energy into electrical energy.

Power is the rate of doing work. Power = Work / time The SI unit of power is joule/second. One horse power = 746 watt.

Gravitation

• Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which all physical bodies attract each other. • On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects employing a downward force to keep them grounded. • According to Newton’s theory, the gravitational attraction between the planets and the sun holds the planets in elliptical orbits around the sun. • The force of gravity depends upon the object’s mass or the amount of matter in the object. • The weight (w) of an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity(g). W = mg • gmaximum at poles and gminimum at equator. • gmoon =1/6 gearth • The value of ‘g’ decreases with altitude, depth from the earth’s surface. • g decreases due to rotation of earth. • Escape speed (ve) is the minimum speed with which an object just crosses the earth’s gravitational field and never comes back. • The escape velocity of Earth is about 11.2 kilometres per second and on moon it is 2.4 km/sec.

Satellites • A satellite is a smaller object in space which orbits around a larger object Planet in space. • It can be either artificial, like the communication or weather satellites that orbit the Earth, or they can be natural, like our Moon. • A geostationary satellite is an earthorbiting satellite, placed at an altitude of approximately 35,800 kilometres (22,300 miles) directly over the equator.

Solids and Fluids

• Elasticity and plasticity: The property by virtue of which the body regains its original shape after the removal of deforming force is called elasticity. And if the body retains its deformed shape after the removal of deforming force is called plasticity. • Rubber is less elastic than steel. • Pressure is defined as force acting normally on an unit area of the surface. Its unit is N/m2. It is a scalar quantity. • Atmospheric pressure is measured by • Sudden fall in barometric reading in the indication of storm. • Slow fall in barometric reading is the indication of rain. • Slow rise in the barometric reading is the indication of clear weather.

Atmospheric Pressure Decreases with Altitude

• It is difficult to cook on the mountain. • The fountain pen of a passenger leaks in aeroplane. • Bleeding occurs from the nose of the man. • It is difficult to breath on higher altitude due to less amount of air. • Water starts to boil below 100°C.

Archimedes’ Principle

When a body is immersed partly or wholly in a liquid, there is an apparent loss in the weight of the body, which is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the body. • All objects placed in a liquid experience an upward force called the buoyant force and the law is called the law of buoyancy. • The weight of water displaced by an iron ball is less than its own weight. Whereas water displaced by the immersed portion of a ship is equal to its weight. So, small ball of iron ball sink in water, but large ship float. • Density of water is maximum at 4°C.

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Heat • Heat is a form of energy which causes sensation of hotness or coldness. Its unit is joule or calorie. • 1 cal = 4.2 joule • It always flows from a substance at a higher temperature to the substance at a lower temperature.

Temperature

It indicates the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. • Temperature is measured by thermometer. Relation between Temperature on different scales.

C F − 32 R K − 273 Ra − 492 = = = = 5 9 4 5 9 • The normal temperature of a human body is 37°C or 98.6°F. • At –40° temperature, celsius and fahrenheit thermometers read the same.

Conduction

It is that mode of transmission of heat in solid where heat is transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature by the aid of particles of the body without their actual migration.

Convection

It requires a medium and is the process in which heat is transferred from one place to other by actual movement of heated substance (usually molecule of fluid).

Radiation

Has the following properties: (a) Radiant energy travels in straight lines and when some object is placed in the path, its shadow is formed at the detector. (b) It is reflected and refracted or can be made to interfere. (c) It can travel through vacuum.

Latent Heat

• The amount of heat required to change phase (liquid to gas or liquid to solid etc.) without change in temperature is called latent heat.

Specific Heat

• The amount of heat that is required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree (14.5°C to 15.5°C) is known as Specific heat.

Sublimation

It is the process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour, eg., Iodine (dark solid), Dry ice

GENERAL SCIENCE (solid CO2), etc. Hoar Frost: It is just the reverse process of sublimation. e.g. Frost and snowflakes.

Waves

• A wave is a kind of oscillation (disturbance) that travels through space and matter. • Wave motions transfer energy, not matter from one place to another. • Transverse wave- In it the vibrations of particles are perpendicular ⊥ to the direction of travel of the wave. It has crests and troughs. • Longitudinal wave:- In it the vibrations of particles are parallel to the direction of travel of wave. It has compressions and rarefactions. • Echo: The repetition of sound due to reflection of sound waves, is called an echo. • Sonar: It stands for sound navigation and ranging. It is used to measure the depth of a sea to locate the enemy submarines and shipwrecks.

Anatomy of an Electromagnetic Wave

• Mechanical waves and electro-magnetic waves are two important ways through which energy is transported in the world around us. • Waves in water and sound waves in air are two examples of mechanical waves. • Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to propagate. Examples are light, radio waves, X-rays etc. • Sound waves cannot travel in the vacuum because there is no medium to transmit these mechanical waves. • Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves, also called compression waves. • Audible sound for human is from 20 Hz to about 20000 Hz. • Pitch is the property of sound that we perceive as higher and lower tones. • Sounds higher than 20000 Hz are called ultrasonics. • Sounds less than 20 Hz are called infrasonics. • When temperature is increased the speed of sound is increased. • Speed of sound in air is 330 m/s. Speed of Sound in Different Mediums Medium Air(0°C)

Speed of sound (In m/s) 332

Air (20°C)

343

Glass

5640

Iron

5130

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GENERAL SCIENCE

Light • Light is a form of energy which produces sensation of vision on our eyes. • Light is made of discrete packets of energy called photons. • Photons carry momentum, have no mass,

and travel at the speed of light, i.e. 300,000 km/sec. • Sun’s light reaches to earth in 8 minutes 19 seconds (i.e. 499 seconds). • The light reflected from moon reaches to earth in 1.28 second.

Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Matter

Matter

Nature

Example

Transparent

It allows most of light to pass through.

glass, water, etc

Opaque

It does not allow the incident light to pass through.

mirror, metal, wood, etc.

Translucent

It allows a part of light falling on it to pass through. oiled paper

• Ultraviolet radiation is an electromagnetic radiation that has wavelength from 400 nm to 10 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. It is used in water purification. • Infrared radiation is emission of energy as electromagnetic waves in the portion of the spectrum just beyond the limit of the red portion of visible radiation. • X-rays are electromagnetic radiation having a shorter wavelength and produced by bombarding a target made of tungsten, with high speed electrons. Uses in medical diagonosis.

• Microwaves are short, high frequency waves lying roughly between very high frequency (infrared) waves and conventional radio waves.

Reflection of light

Reflection by Plane Mirror The image formed by the plane mirror is always erect, of the same size and at the same distance as the object is. Spherical mirror Spherical mirrors are of two types (i) Concave mirror (ii) Convex mirror

Position & Nature of image formed by a Spherical Mirror

Position of object

Position of image

Size of image in comparison to object

Nature of image

Concave mirror At infinity

At focus

Highly diminished

Between infinity and Between focus and Diminished centre of curvature centre of curvature

Real, inverted

Real, inverted

At centre of curvature At centre of curvature Of same size

Real, inverted

At focus

Real, inverted

Between focus and Between centre of Enlarged curvature and infinity centre of curvature At infinity

Highly enlarged

At Focus

Highly diminished

Between focus and pole Behind the mirror Convex mirror

At infinity

Infront of mirror

Between pole and focus

Enlarged

Diminished

Real, inverted Virtual, erect

Virtual, erect

Virtual, erect

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Uses of Concave Mirror

(i) As a shaving mirror. (ii) As a reflector for the head lights of a vehicle, search light. (iii) In opthalmoscope to examine eye, ear, nose by doctors. (iv) In solar cookers,

Uses of Convex Mirror

(i) As a rear view mirror in vehicle because it provides the maximum rear field of view and image formed is always erect. (ii) In sodium reflector lamp.

Refraction of Light

The bending of the light ray from its path in passing from one medium to the other medium is called refraction of light. • If the refracted ray bends towards the normal relative to the incident ray, then the second medium is said to be denser than the first medium. But if the refracted ray bends away from the normal, then the second medium is said to be rarer than the first medium.

Some Phenomena based on Refraction

(i) Twinkling of stars (ii) Oval Shape of sun in the morning and evening. (iii) Rivers appear shallow (iv) Coins appear raised in glass filled with water. (v) Pencils appear broken in the beaker filled with water. (vi) Sun appears above horizon at sunset and sunrise.

Total Internal Reflection

When the angle of incidence, for a ray of light passing from a denser medium to a rarer medium, exceeds a particular value (called critical angle for which angle of refraction 90°), the ray reflects back in the same medium from the boundary. This phenomena is called total internal reflection.

Some Phenomena of total Internal Reflection (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Endoscopy using optical fibre. Sparkling of diamond. Mirage in desert Increase in duration of sun’s visibility. Appearance of air bubbles in glass paper weight. (vi) Shining of air bubbles in water. Scattering of Light: Sunlight gets scattered by small particles present in the atmosphere.

GENERAL SCIENCE Red colour scatters least and violet most. Some phenomena like – reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset, blue colour of sky, white colour of clouds etc. based on scattering of light.

Human Eye

The normal range of vision for a healthy human eye is from 25 cm (least distance of distinct vision to infinity (far point).

Defects of Vision & Remedies

Myopia or Near(short) sightedness

• A person suffering from Myopia can’t see the far (distant) object clearly but can see nearby object clearly. Causes • The eye ball is too long (i.e. elongated) so image is formed before retina. • Lens being too curved for the length of the eye ball. Remedy: Concave lens is used to diverge the rays at retina.

Hyperopia or Hypermetropia (long (far) sightedness)

• A person suffering from it can’t see near object clearly but can see distant object clearly. Causes • The eye ball is too short so image is formed beyond the retina. • Cornea is not curved enough, • Eye lens is farther back in the eye. Remedy: Convex lens is used to converge the rays at retina. Target group: It can affects both children and adults.

Astigmatism

Astigmatism is the most common refractive problem responsible for blurry vision. Cylindrical lens is used to correct astigmatism. Cataract • It is the clouding of the lens of the eye that prevent a person to see. Causes: Protein builds up in the eye lens & make it cloudy. Remedy: • It can be corrected with suitable eye glasses (lenses). • Cataract surgery is performed when eye glass does not suit.

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GENERAL SCIENCE Dispersion of Light

The splitting of white ray of light into its seven constituents colours (VIBGYOR) is called dispersion of light. • The band of seven constituents colours is called spectrum. Microscope: It is used to see magnified image of a tiny objects. Telescope: It is used to increase the visual angle of distant object. It is used to see far off objects clearly.

Electricity

• Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge. • Electric charge is a property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. The SI unit of charge is coulomb (c).

Electric Current (I)

It is a movement or flow of electrically charged particle per unit time. • Electrical currents generate magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields generate electrical currents.

Conductors

These are the substances which allow the passage of electric charge with low resistance. E.g., silver, copper etc. Silver is the best conductor of electricity followed by copper.

Insulators

These are substances which do not allow passage of electric charge, e.g. rubber, wood, mica, glass, ebonite etc. • The resistance is the obstruction offered to the flow of electric current.

Electric Cell

It is the device used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. • Ammeter- Measures current • Voltmeter- Measures the potential difference between two points in a circuit. • Fuse is a safety device that protects an electric circuit from becoming overloaded.

Transformer

• Transformer is a device which converts low voltage AC into high voltage Ac and viceversa.

Application /uses: As voltage regulators for – (i) T.V, refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.

(ii) Induction furnaces. (iii)for welding purposes.

AC Generator/Dynamo/Alternator

• It is an electric device used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

D.C. Motor

• It converts direct current energy from a battery into mechanical energy of rotation. • Its uses (i) In D.C. fans, exhaust, ceiling, table fans, etc. (ii) In pumping water. (iii)In running tram-cars, trains, etc.

Magnetism

Magnets : The material or body which attract magnetic substance like iron, cobalt, nickel, etc. • The force of attraction of a magnet is greater at its poles than in the middle. • Similar poles of two magnets repel each other. • Opposite poles of two magnets attract each other. • If a bar magnet is suspended by a thread and free to rotate, its South Pole will move towards the North Pole of the earth and vice versa.

Uses/Applications

• Magnets are used in making magnetic compasses which help sailors and navigators to know the directions. • Electromagnets are used in generators, motors, loud speakers, telephones, TV sets, fans, mixers, electric bells, Maglev etc.

Modern Physics

• The nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons together called nucleons.

X-Rays

X-rays are electromagnetic radiations of very short wavelength (0.1 Å to 100 Å) and high energy which are emitted when fast moving electrons or cathode rays strike a target of high atomic mass.

Properties of X-Rays

(i) These are highly penetrating rays and can pass through several materials which are opaque to ordinary light. (ii) They affect photographic plates. Nuclear Fission: The process of splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of comparable size and release of large energy is called fission, eg. atom bomb.

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GENERAL SCIENCE

• Nuclear Fusion : The process in which two or more lighter nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus is known as nuclear fusion, e.g. hydrogen bomb.

Important Discoveries in Physics

Discovery Atom Photography (On paper) Dynamite X-Rays Electron Radium

Scientist John Dalton W.Fox Talbot Alfred Nobel Roentgen J.J. Thomson Madam Curie

Year 1808 1835 1867 1895 1897 1898

Raman effect

C.V. Raman

1928

Wireless telegram

Marconi

Proton

Neutron

Goldstein

James Chadwick

Significant Inventions

1901 1886 1932

Invention

Inventor

Country

Year

Aeroplane

Wright brothers

USA

1903

Bicycle

K. Macmillan

Scotland

1839

Barometer

Calculating machine

E. Torricelli Pascal

Italy

France

1644 1642

Centrigrade scale

A. Celsius

France

1742

Electric lamp

Thomas Alva Edison

USA

1879

Lift

E.G. Otis

Motor car(petrol)

Karl Benz

Diesel engine Dynamo

Fountain Pen Jet Engine

Match (safety) Microphone Motorcycle

Printing Press Radio

Rudolf Diesel

Michael Faraday L.E. Waterman

Sir Frank Whittle J.E. Lundstrom David Hughes

Edward Butler J. Gutenberg G.Marconi

Razor (safety)

K.G. Gillette USA

Steam engine (condenser)

James Watt

Refrigerator

Telephone Television

Thermometer

Germany England USA

England USA

Sweden USA

Germany England

Germany England USA

1892 1831 1884 1937 1852 1855 1878 1885 1884 1455 1901 1895

J. Harrison and A. Catlin

Britain

1834

John Logie Bared

USA

Scotland

1876

Alexander Graham Bell Galileo Galilei

Scotland Italy

1765

1926 1593

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GENERAL SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY • Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with study of matter and various changes it undergoes.

Classification of Matter Matter

• It is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass. • At a given temperature, an element is in one of the three states of matter- Solid, Liquid or Vapour (Gas).

Solids

• Solids possess definite shape and volume, eg. metals, brick, etc. Liquids • They possess definite volume but no definite shape. • They can flow, so they are called fluids, e.g. water, milk, mercury, oil,etc. Gases • Gases have neither a definite volume nor definite shape. • They takes the volume and shape of the container. E.g.– air, oxygen, hydrogen, etc. • Melting point of a substance is the temperature at which its solid form changes to a liquid. • Boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid form of a substance changes to a gas. • A physical change is a change in matter that involves no chemical reaction. • The three types of physical changes aremelting, evaporation and freezing. • Chemical Change: A change in which the identify of the original substance is changed and new substances are formed is called a chemical change for example souring of milk, burning of paper, rusting of iron etc.

Atom • • • • • • •

An atom is the smallest unit of an element. An atom has a central nucleus. The nucleus carries a positive charge. Electrons revolves around the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge. Neutrons have no charge.

Element

• Everything in the universe is made of a combination of a few basic substances called elements. • The element is the simplest form of matter composed of atoms having identical number of protons in each nucleus.

Compound

• A compound is a pure substance that contains atoms of two or more chemical elements in definite proportions that cannot be separated by physical means and are held together by chemical bonds.

Air and Water

Air is colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous mixture, mainly contains nitrogen (approximately 78%) and oxygen (approximately 21%) with lesser amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, helium, and other gases. • Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2:1 by volume and 1:8 by mass. eg. (H2O) • Hard water has bicarbonates, chlorides sulphates of Ca and Mg. This water is unfit for washing and use in industrial boilers. • Heavy water is deuterium oxide (D2O), molecular mass = 20).

Substances & Chemical Compositions

Common Name

Chemical Name

Composition

Formula

Alum

Potash

K2SO4Al2(SO4)3

Bleaching Powder

Calcium hypochlorite

Potassium, Sulphur, Aluminium, Hydrogen and Oxygen Calcium, Chlorine and Oxygen

CaCl(OCl)

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GENERAL SCIENCE

Blue Vitriol

Copper sulphate

Chalk

Calcium carbonate

Baking Soda

Sodium bicarbonate

Caustic Potash

Caustic Soda

Common Salt Galena

Green Vitriol

Glauber's salt Gypsum Laughing gas Lime water

Plaster of Paris Quick lime Red lead

Soda ash or washing soda Soda bicarbonate White vitriol

Potassium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium chloride Lead sulphide Iron sulphate

Sodium sulphate Calcium Sulphate dihydrate Nitrous oxide

Calcium hydroxide Calcium sulphate hemihydrate Calcium oxide Triplumbic

Sodium carbonate

Sodium bicarbonate Zinc sulphate

Metals and Non-Metals • There are two types of elements- metals and non- metals.

Metals

• Elements which are hard, ductile, brittle, and malleable, possess lustre and conduct heat and electricity are termed metals. • Except Mercury and gallium, all metals are solid.

Non-Metals

• Non metals are electronegative elements which have a tendency to gain one or more electrons to form negative ions called anions. • Non metals are non lustrous and bad conductors of heat and electricity.

Copper, Sulphur and CuSO4.5H2O Oxygen Potassium Hydrogen, and KOH Oxygen Calcium, Carbon and Oxygen

CaCO3

Sodium, Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen

NaHCO3

Lead and Sulphur

PbS

Sodium, Hydrogen and Oxygen Sodium and Chlorine

NaOH

NaCl

Iron, Sulphur and Oxygen FeSO4. 7H2O Sodium, Sulphur, Oxygen and hydrogen

Na2SO4.10H2O CaSO4.2H2O

Calcium, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Ca(OH)2

Nitrogen and Oxygen

N2O

Calcium, Sulphur, Hydrogen and Oxygen

2CaSO4.H2O

Sodium, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Sodium hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen Zinc, Sulphur, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Na2CO3.10H2O

Calcium and Oxygen Lead and Oxygen

CaO

Pb3O4

NaHCO3

ZnSO4.7H2O

Uses of Metals and Non-Metals Compounds • Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) is called lunar caustic and is used to prepare the ink used during voting. • Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is used as an oxidishing agent, bleaching agent, as an insecticide and for washing old oil paintings. • Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) is used in jeweller's rouge. • Silver Iodide (AgI) is used for artificial rain.

Fuels

• The substance, which produce heat and light on combustion are called fuels.

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GENERAL SCIENCE • LPG (Liquified petroleum gas) is a mixture of hydrocarbons containing three or four carbon atoms, such as propane, butane and pentane.

Coal

• Coal is made up of carbon. • The common varieties of coal are anthracite, bitumen; lignite and peat.

Acids, bases and pH Scale

Plastics and Polymers

Acids

These are chemical compounds that taste sour, turn blue litmus red, and often react with some metals to produce hydrogen gas. • Acids- HNO3, HNO2, H2SO4, H3PO4, H3PO3, H2CO3, etc.

Bases

These are chemical compounds that taste bitter, turn red litmus blue and feel slippery. Base: (NaOH), (Ca(OH)2), (KOH), (RbOH), etc. • When aqueous (water) solutions of an acid and a base are combined, a neutralization reaction occurs. • The pH of a solution measures the hydrogen ion concentration in that solution. • Anything above pH 7 is alkaline, anything below pH 7 is considered acidic. • Human blood pH should be slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45).

Sources of Some Naturally Occurring Acids Acid Citric acid

Source Lemon, orange, grapes

Acetic acid

Vinegar

Maleic acid

Tartaric acid Lactic acid

Hydrochloric acid Oxalic acid

Apples Vinegar Lemon Juice Battery Acid Urine(Human) Tears Sea water Milk (Cow) Coffee Tooth paste

Unripe apple Tamarind Milk

Stomach

• Plastics consist of very long molecules, each composed of carbon atoms linked into chains. • Polythene is composed of over 200000 carbon atoms. • Polymers are large long chain like molecules formed by the chemical linking of many smaller molecules.

Radioactivity

• Radioactivity is discovered by French physicist Henry de Becquerel in 1896, who observed that uranium mineral gave off invisible radiation. • Radiations are of three kinds: Alpha, Beta and Gamma • Alpha (a) Particle is positively charged helium atom that has very little penetrating power. • Beta (b) Particles are negatively charged light particles. • Gamma (g) Particles are electromagnetic radiations of low wavelength, high frequency, and high energy.

Electroplating

• It is a process of plating one metal onto another by electrolysis, most commonly for decorative purposes or to prevent corrosion of a metal. • Types of electroplating capsopper plating, silver plating, and chromium plating, etc.

Carbon and Its Compounds

Tomato

pH Value of Substances Sodium Hydroxide: Alkaline Ammonia Baking Soda Human Blood Pure Water: Neutral Milk: Acid Tomatoes Wine and Beer

3. 0 2. 2 2. 0 1. 0 5. 5 to 7. 5 7. 4 8. 5 6. 3 to 6. 6 5.0 9.0

14. 0 11. 0 8. 3 7. 35 to 7.45 7. 0 6. 6 4. 5 4. 0

• All organic compounds contain carbon, and the vast majority also contains hydrogen bonded to carbon. • It is non-metal. • Its atomic number is 6 & mass is 12.

Allotropes

• Allotropes are substances which have same chemical properties but different physical properties.

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GENERAL SCIENCE Allotropes of Carbon

Diamond • It is purest form of carbon. • It is hardest natural substance. • It is highly transparent • It is bad conductor of electricity & heat. • It is used in jewellry & industries.

Graphite • It is called black lead • It is soft, dark grey • It is good conductor of electricity & heat. It is used in making – pencils, moderator in nuclear reactor,

Glass Glass is a mixture of an alkali silicate with the silicate of a base, that is, silica, sodium silicate and calcium or lead silicate.

Type & Uses

(i) Milky Glass is used to the melt glass. (ii) Flint Glass, used in lenses, prisms. (iii) Soda or Soft Glass is used for making bottles, window panes, etc. (iv) Potash Glass or Hard Glass is used for making beakers, flasks, funnel, etc. (v) Crown Glass is used for optical apparatus. (vi) Crook's Glass is used for spectacles as it absorbs UV rays. (vii) Glass Laminates is used to make windows and screens of cars, trains and aircraft. (viii) Jena Glass is used for making laboratory bottles, for keeping acids and alkalies.

Chemical Substances

Soaps and Detergents: Soaps are the sodium

or potassium salts of fatty acids. Antibiotic: Medicinal compounds produced by moulds and bacteria, capable of destroying or preventing the growth of bacteria in animal systems. For example penicillin, chloramphenicol etc. Antipyretic: A substance used to lower body temperature. Sulphadrugs: Alternatives of antibiotics, sulphanilamide, sulphadiazine, Sulpha gunamidine.

Amorphous Carbons • They are product of pyrolysis. • Pyrolysis is the process of decomposing a substance on heating • Coal & Soot (carbon black) are the examples.

Antacids: Substances which neutralise the

excess acid and raise the pH to appropriate level in stomach are called antacids. Saccharin: A white crystalline solid which is 550 times sweeter than sugar, but does not have any food value. It is used by diabetic patients. DDT: Dichloro diphenyl tricholoro ethane, a white powder used as an insecticide.

Fertilizers

Fertilizers are chemical compounds which when added to the soil increase their fertility and directly supply the need of essential elements [N, P, K] of primary importance.

Classification

Chemical fertilizers are broadly classified into the following three types: (i) Nitrogenous fertilizers: Ammonium sulphate, urea etc. (ii) Phosphatic fertilizers: Super phosphate, ammonium phosphate (iii) Potash fertilizers: Potassium chloride, potassium sulphate.

Soaps and Detergents

Soap: Fatty acid salts of sodium and potassium are known as soaps. These are prepared by the action of fatty acids with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Fatty acid + sodium hydroxide → Soap + glycerol. Detergents are sodium salt of long chain sulphonic acids or alkyl hydrogen sulphate.

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GENERAL SCIENCE Advantages of detergents over soaps (i) Detergents can be used for laundering even with hard water as they are soluble even in hard water. (ii) Detergents possess better cleansing properties than soaps. Disadvantages of detergents over soap: Detergents are prepared from hydrocarbons, while soaps are prepared from edible fatty oils. Thus they are non biodegradable. Saponification It is the process of making of soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalis. Both soaps and detergents are soluble in water and act as surfactants which reduce the surface tension of water to a great extent.

Branches of Science

Branch Arthrology Carpology Cosmology Dactylography Ecology Endocrinology Entomology Geology Hematology

– – – – – – – – –

Study

study of joints study of fruits and seeds study of the universe the study of fingerprints study of environment study of ductless glands study of insects study of earth's crust study of blood

Hepatology Herpetology Hypnology Ichthyology Laryngology Mastology

Meteorology Neonatology Nephrology Odontology Oncology Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Pyretology Radiology

Seismology Urology Virology Zoiatrics Zoology

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

study of liver

study of reptiles and amphibians study of sleep; study of hypnosis study of fish study of larynx study of mammals or mammary glands or breast diseases study of weather study of newborn babies study of the kidneys study of teeth study of tumours study of disease study of drugs study of processes of life study of fevers study of X-rays and their medical applications. study of earthquakes study of urine; urinary tract study of viruses veterinary surgery study of animals

GP_3404 GK-76

GENERAL SCIENCE

BIOLOGY Introduction Biology is the study of life and living organism, including their structure, function, evolution, distribution, identification and Taxonomy • Aristotle is often called “the father of biology”. • Leeuwenhoek invented a simple microscope and studied living cells. • Gregor Johann Mendel discovered principles of inheritance. • Robert Hooke assembled a compound microscope and discovered cells in cork. • Charles Darwin is famous for the theory of Natural selection. • Hippocrates is considered to be the “father of western medicine”. • Edward Jenner is famous for creating the first effective vaccine for smallpox- (father of immunology) • William Watson (1909) introduced the term Genetics. • Watson and Crick gave the model of DNA. • In 1866 Ernst Haeckel coined word “ecology” • Camillo golgi discovered golgi body. • Salim Ali known as the “birdman of India” • Har Gobind Khorana is a biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1968 for demonstrating how the nucleotides in nucleic acids control the synthesis of proteins.

Cells • All living organism are constituted of structural and functional units called cells. • Robert Hook coined the term ‘cell’ in 1665. • Cells are grouped into tissues, tissues into organ and organs into organ system. • Smallest cells- Mycoplasmas. • Largest isolated single cell- egg of an ostrich • Prokaryotic is without nucleus. It is found in bacteria, blue green algae, mycoplasma. • The eukaryotic cells with nucleus occur in all protists, fungi, plants and the animals.

• Cell wall is present in plants cell. • Cell membrane is composed of lipids. • The function of plasma membrane is the transport of the molecules across it. • Ribosomes were first observed by Palade.

• Ribosomes are present only in grandular endoplasmic reticulum. • Except mammalian RBC all living cells have ribosomes. • Nucleus is centrally located spherical and largest component of all eukaryotic cell. Nucleolus is present in nucleus. • Mitochondria are also called “Powerhouse of cells”. They are involved in energy generation.

Genetics

• Study of genes is known as genetics. • Gene is a segment of DNA and basic unit of heredity. These are located on chromosomes. • DNA is found in nucleus, and also found in mitochondria and chloroplast. • It stands for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). • It is double stranded. • It consists of Nitrogenous bases-Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine or Guanine, 5-carbon sugar and a phosphate molecule. • RNA is single stranded. It consists of phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogenous basesAdinine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine. • Mendel conducted cross hybridization experiments on green pea plant (Pisum sativum). Mutation : Sudden change in the sequence of DNA is known as mutation. Sex Determination • X and Y are the sex chromosomes which are responsible for the determination of sex. 46 chromosomes are present in human body cell. In which 22 pairs of these are autosomes & 23rd is sex chromosomes, ie. x & y.

GK-77

GENERAL SCIENCE

Digestion of Food Name of the Digestive juice

Name of the enzymes

Substrate

End product

Saliva

Ptyalin (Salivary amylase)

Starch

Maltose

Intestinal juice

Sucrase (invertase), Maltase, Lactase

Sucrose; Maltose, Lactose

Glucose and fructose, Glucose, and galactose

Pancreatic juice

Amylopsin (pancreatic Starch, amylase) Glycogen

Gastric Juice

Pepsin, Rennin

Pancreatic Juice

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Proteins, Carboxyl peptidases Peptides

Intestinal juice

Vitamin B1

B2

B12 B5 C A

D

Proteins, Casein

Amino peptidase, Dipeptidase

Peptides

Maltose and Glucose

Proteoses and peptones, Calcium caseinate Proteoses and Peptides Amino acid. Amino acids

Vitamin Required by the Body

Chemical Name

Function in Body

Deficiency Disease

Sources

Thiamine Part of coenzyme for pyrophosphate respiration

Beri-beri: nerve and heart disorders

Found in whole grain cereals, etc.

Coenzyme needed Pernicious anaemia for making red blood cells, etc.

Animal products etc.

Riboflavin

Part of coenzyme FAD Ariboflavinosis: skin Milk, yogurt, etc. needed for respiration and eye disorders

Nicotinic acid (‘niacin’)

Part of coenzymes NAD, NADP used in respiration

Cyanocobalamin

Ascorbic acid

Not precisely known

Retinol

Visual pigment, rhodopsin

Not precisely known

Pellagra: skin, gut and Widespread in nerve disorders foods.

Scurvy: degeneration Lemon, orange, etc. of skin teeth and blood vessels.

Xeropthalmia: ‘dry eyes’

Milk, eggs, etc.

Rickets: bone deformity

Found in dairy products, etc.

E

Cholecalciferol Stimulates calcium absorption by small intestine, needed for proper bone growth

Tocopherol

Infertility

K

Phylloquinone Involved in blood clotting

Found primarily in plant oils, green, leafy vegetables, etc.

Possible haemorrage Green, leafy vegetables, etc.

GP_3404 GK-78

GENERAL SCIENCE

Minerals Required by the Body Minerals

Source

Sodium (Na)

Function

Table salt large amounts is present in for proper fluid balance, etc. processed foods, etc. Table salt, large amounts is present for proper fluid balance, etc. in processed foods, etc. Meats, milk, etc. for proper fluid balance, etc.

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphorus

Milk and milk products, etc. Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, processed foods. Nuts and seeds; etc. Occurs in foods as part of protein, meats, etc.

Magnesium Sulfur Iron

Organ meats; etc.

Iodine

Human Respiratory System

arasmus is produced by a simultaneous M deficiency of proteins and calories. Kwashiorkar is produced by protein deficiency.

••

The organ system which aids in the process of respiration is called the Respiratory system.

• •

••

Respiratory System

Organs of Respiration in Animals Respiratory Organ

Animals

Lungs

Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians

Skin

Earthworm, Leech, Amphibians

Gills

Trachea

found in red blood cells.

Seafood, foods grown in iodine-rich Found in thyroid hormone. soil, etc.

Protein Deficiency Diseases ••

Important for healthy bones and teeth, etc. Important for healthy bones and teeth, etc. Found in bones, etc. Found in protein molecules.

Fish, Crabs, Tadpole larva of Frog Insects

Circulatory System • •• •• •• •• ••

These are of two types open circulatory system and closed circulatory system. Closed present in arthopods and molluscs. Annelids and chordates have a closed circulatory. The human heart beats at the rate of about 72-80 times per minute in the resting condition. ECG stands for Electrocardiogram. It is the graphic record of electronic current produced by the excitation of cardiac muscles. It is process of removal of undigested wastes from the body. Kidney plays a major role in the elimination of water waste in the form of urine. Urine contains ammonia, urea, uric acid, etc.

Human Skeleton (comprising 206 bones)

Appendicular Skeleton

Axial Skeleton

Skull

uman respiratory system consists of H external nostrils, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole and lungs.

Vertebral Sternum column

Ribs

Girdles

Limbs

GK-79

GENERAL SCIENCE

Endocrine System : Hormones and their Action S. No. Endocrine gland 1

Pituitary (Master gland)

2

Pineal

3

Thyroid

4

Thymus

5

Adrenal

6

Pancreas

7

Ovary

8

Testis

Hormone

Action

Growth hormones, Anti-diuretic hormone Adeno – Corticotrophic hormone

Regulates the growth of bone and tissue. Controls the amount of water reabsorbed by the water. Defending the body against physiological stress e.g. exposure to cold. Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates ovary to produce female hormone.

Thymosin

Helps in production of lymphocytes

Melatonin

Thyroxine Cortisone

Regulates, circadian and sexual cycle

Regulates rate of growth and metabolism. Too little-over weight and sluggishness. Too much-thin and over active.

Aids in conversion of proteins to sugar, cortex of this gland produces the hormone.

Insulin

Regulates sugar metabolism. Too little insulin leads to high sugar level in blood and weakness (a condition called diabetes)

Estrogen

Development of secondary sexual characters e.g. development of breasts in female.

Testosterone

Development of many masculine features such as growth of moustaches and beard

Common Lung Diseases

Diseases Common Heart Diseases

•• ••

••

Coronary artery disease or Arthrosclerosis :

Common Brain Diseases

••

Angina (angina pectoris)

••

••

Heart Failure (congestive heart failure)

Asthma Bronchitis (Inflammation of the Bronchi) Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a condition where a person has recurrent seizures, abnormal discharge of electrical activity in the brain cells

Bacteria Diseases

Disease Anthrax Cholera Diphtheria Leprosy or Hansen’s disease Plague (i) Bubonic plague

Pathogen Bacillus anthracis

Vibrio cholerae

Affected Organ

Symptom

Skin and intestine

Skinulcer, sore throat, nausea, fever, breathlessness

Intestine

Corynebacterium Respiratory tract diphtheriae Mycobacterium leprae Pasteurella, Yersinia pestis

Chronic infection of skin and nerve Blood disease

Vomiting, acute diarrhoea, muscular cramps, dehydration etc. Difficulty in respiration (mainly in child of age 2-5 yrs). Ulcers, nodules, scaly scabs (the infected part of the body becomes senseless).

High fever, weakness and haemorrhage which turn black.

GP_3404 GK-80

GENERAL SCIENCE

(ii) Pneumonic plaque

Tetanus (lock jaw) Clostridium tetani Tuberculosis

Whooping cough or Pertussis Pneumonia Typhoid

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Lungs

Haemorrhage of bronchi, lungs.

Lungs

Repeated coughing, high fever.

Central nervous system

Bacillus pertussis Respiratory system Diplococcus pneumoniae

Lungs

Salmonella typhi intestine

Viral Diseases Disease

Pathogen

Affected Part

Painful contraction of neck and jaw muscles followed by paralysis of thoracic muscles. Continuous coughing.

Sudden chill, chest pain, cough, high fever. High fever, diarrhoea and headache.

Symptom

AIDS (Acquired HIV (Human Immuno White blood cells Immuno Deficiency Virus) Deficiency Syndrome)

Weak immune system.

Small pox

Light fever, eruption of blood on body

Chicken pox

Dengue fever

Vericella virus

Whole body

High fever, reddish eruption on body

RNA containing dengue virus

Whole body, particularly head, eyes and joints

High fever, backache, headache, retro-orbital pain behind the eye ball.

Variola virus

Hepatitis virus Hepatitis (Epidemic Jaundice) (i) Hepatitis - A Hepatitis - A virus (ii) Hepatitis - B Hepatitis - B virus Herpes

Polio or poliomyelitis

Skin

Rubella virus

Whole body

Polio virus

Rabies RNA virus called (hydrophobia) rabies virus Swine influenza (flu)

Liver

Herpes virus

Influenza (flu) Influenza virus Measles German

Whole body

H1N1 flu virus

Whole body

Throat, backbone and nerve Nervous system Whole body (muscles)

Loss of appetite, nausea, whitish stool and jaundice. Not fatal Fatal Swelling of skin.

Inflammation of upper respiratory tract, nose throat and eyes. Loss of appetite, reddish eruption on the body.

Fever, backbone and intestine wall cells are destroyed. It leads to paralysis.

Encephalitis, fear of water, high fever, headache, spasm of throat and chest leading to death

Headache, tiredness, sore throat, vomiting, breathing problems.

GK-81

GENERAL SCIENCE

Protozoan Diseases Disease

Pathogen

Vector

Parts Affected

African trypanosomiasis

Trypanosoma gambienes

Amoebic dysentery (Amoebiasis)

Entamoeba histolytica

Tsetse fly (Glossina palpalis)

Blood and nervous tissue. Man feels sleepy, may cause death.

Diarrhoea

Giardia

Filaria or elephantiasis

Wuchereria bancrofti

None, infection by contamination

Digestive system causes loose motions, vomitting

Kala azar or dumdum fever

Leishmania donovani

Malaria

Plasmodium sp.

None, Infection by contamination

Culex mosquito

Sand flies (Phlebotomus) Female Anopheles mosquito

Colon (intestine). Develop loose motion with blood, pain in abdomen

Swelling of legs, testes and other body parts.

Spleen and liver enlarge and high fever develops. Periodical attacks of high fever, pain in joints accompanied by chill, heavy perspiration and fast pulse.

Fungal Diseases in Human Beings Disease

Pathogen (fungi)

Asthma or aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus

Obstruction in the functioning of lungs.

Baldness

Tinea capitis

Athlete’s foot

Tinea pedis

Ringworm

Tricophyton Verrucosum

Scabies

Acarus scabiei

Blood • Blood is a liquid connective tissue.

• Blood has a fluid matrix called plasma.

• Plasma is a pale coloured fluid which contributes 55% of blood volume. Plasma contains 90 to 92 % of water.

• Blood corpuscles are of three types: Red blood corpuscles (RBCs) ,white blood corpuscles(WBCs) and Blood platelets. • RBC’s are formed in the red bone-marrow, and lack nucleus. • Life span of RBCs (Erythrocytes) is about 120 days.

• WBCs (Leueocytes) are responsible for immunity. • WBCs are manufactured in bone marrow.

Symptoms Hair fall

Skin disease, cracking of feet. Round red spot on skin

Skin itching and white spot on the skin. • Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic cells (destroy foreign bodies) • Basophils are involved in inflammatory reactions. • Eosinophils are associated with allergic reactions. • Lymphocytes are responsible for immune response. • Platelets (thrombocytes) are responsible for clotting of blood during accidents. • For a healthy adult person the average systolic/diastolic pressure is 120/80 mm of Hg in arteries near heart. • The Rh factor is a type of protein on the surface of red blood cells. Most people who have the Rh factor are Rh-positive. Those who do not have the Rh factor are Rhnegative.

GP_3404 GK-82

GENERAL SCIENCE

• Karl Landsteiner (1900) discovered the blood group in human. • There are four groups of blood A, B, AB and O. • Universal Donor : ‘O’ blood group person can

give blood to all the four blood groups (O, A, B, and AB). • Universal Recipient : ‘AB’ blood group person can take blood from all the four groups (AB, A, B, O).

Vaccines and Their Doses

Age Birth to 12 months 8-24 months 9-15 months 5-6 years

10 years

16 years

Vaccination

• DPT • Booster dose • Polio (oral) • Booster dose • Cholera vaccine (can be repeated every • One year before summer) • Measles vaccine (MMR or Measles, • one dose Mumps and Rubella)

• DT (Bivalent vaccine against diphtheria • Booster dose and tetanus) • TAB (vaccine against Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi A and S paratyphi B) or • Two doses at intervals of 1-2 Typhoid Paratyphoid vaccine months • Tetanus, TAB (typhoid) • Tetanus, TAB

Cholera

Diphtheria and Tetanus

TB Vaccine

Polio Vaccine

Oral Polio Vaccine

Measles Vaccine

Rabies Vaccine

Typhus Vaccine

Rubella Vaccine

• Booster dose • Booster dose

Vaccines and Inventors

Vaccine Small Pox

Scurvy vaccine

Dose

• DPT (triple vaccine, against diptheria, • Three doses (commonly oral) whooping cough/pertussis and tetanus) at intervals of 4-6 weeks. • Polio (Sabin’s oral, previously Salk’s • Three doses at intervals of 4-6 injectible) weeks. • BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) • Intradermal and one vaccine

Developed by Edward Jenner

Louis Pasteur

Emil Adolf Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin

Jonas E. Salk

Albert Bruce Sabin

John F. Enders, Thomas peeble

Louis Pasteur

Charles Nicolle

Paul D.Parkman & Harry M. Meyer jr James Lind

Country England

France

Germany/ Japan

France

US

US

US

France

France

Year 1796

1880

1891

1922

1952

1955

1953

1885

1909 1966 1753

GK-83

GENERAL SCIENCE

Medical Science Discoveries Invention

Inventor

Year

• Anesthetic

William Morton

1846

• Artificial heart

Denton Cooley

1969

• Antiseptic

• Bacteria (discovered)

• Contact lenses (glass) • Corneal transplants • Disposable syringe

• Electrocardiograph • Gas mask

• Insulin (discovery)

• Pacemaker (human) • Pathology

• Stethoscope

• Thermometer (medical) • X-rays

Joseph Lister (Scotland) Anton van Leeuwenhoek Adolf Fick

Eduard Zirm

Colin Murdoch

Willem Einthoven

Garrett Augustus Morgan

Frederick Banting and Charles Best Wilson Greatbatch

Giovanni Battista Morgagni René Laënnec

Thomas Allbutt

Wilhelm Roentgen

1867

1674

1887

1905

1956

1903

1912

1921

1960 (first use) 1761

1819

1866

1895

GP_3404

Ecology & Environment Ecology is the branch of biology deals with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms.

Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature consisting of abiotic and biotic factors, where the living organisms interact among themselves and also with their physical environment (abiotic factors).

Biodiversity & Wildlife of India

Biodiversity mean diversity of heterogeneity at all levels of biological organisation, i.e from Micro molecules of the cells to the Biomass. The word Biodiversity was popularized by the sociologist Edward Wilson. As per available data, the varieties of species living on the earth are 1753739. Out of the above species, 134781 are residing in India. Wild life Institute of India has divided it into ten biogeographical regions and twenty five biotic provinces.

IUCN at a Glance

• It was founded in 1948 as the world’s first global environmental organisation. • The IUCN stands for “The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.” Now known as World Conservation Union (WCU).

• The IUCN Red List of “Threatened Species” provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on plants, fungi and animals.

Red Data Book

A Red Data Book contains lists of species whose continued existence is threatened. By the end of 2014 India had 988 threatened species on the list, which lists.

Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, Indian lion, Indian Rhino, Gaur, lion tailed macaque, Tibetan Antelope, Ganga river dolphin, the

Nilgiri Tahr, snow leopard, dhole, black buck, great Indian bustard, forest owlet, white – winged duck and many more are the most endangered animals in India.

CITES

• Convention on International Trade in Endangered species (CITES) was signed in 1975 in Washington.

• Roughly 5,600 species of animals and 30,000 species of plants are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through international trade.

National Biodiversity Authority

The NBA is a body corporate established in accordance with the provisions of Sec.8 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, at Chennai w.e.f. 1st October 2003. It is an autonomous, statutory and regulatory organization which is intended to implement the provisions of Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

Wetlands ••

••

•• •• ••

Wetlands are lands which, due to geological or ecological factors, have a natural supply of water – either from tidal flows, flooding rivers, connections with groundwater, or because they are perched above aquifers. The periodicity of water level fluctuations is termed as hydroperiod and it is the key factor that determines the productivity and species composition of the wetland community.

Generally low lying areas, covered by shallow water and have characteristic soils and water tolerant vegetation. Wetlands occupy only 2% of the surface area of earth and they are estimated to contain 10 to 14% of carbon.

Man made wetlands: paddy fields, fishery ponds, Trapa & Euryale cultivation ponds and other aquaculture habitats.

ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

GK-85

Biodiversity Conservtion Biodiversity Conservation Ex-situ conservation

In-situ conservation National Parks Biosphere and Sancturies reserves Terrestrial

Sacred lakes and forests

Marine

Zoos, Seed Bank/ Botanical Gardens, Gene bank Arboreta and (Cryopres Aquaria ervation)

Sacred plants

Biosphere Reserves in India Name

State Tamil Nadu, Karnataka

Gulf of Mannar

Tamil Nadu

Dugong or sea cow

Assam

Golden langur, red panda

Nanda Devi National Park & Biosphere Reserve Nokrek

Sundarbans Manas

Simlipal

Dihang-Dibang

Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve Great Rann of Kutch

Uttarakhand

Kerala

Key Fauna

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

Meghalaya

West Bengal Odisha

Arunachal Pradesh Madhya Pradesh

and Nilgiri tahr, macaque

lion-tailed

Red panda

Royal Bengal tiger

Gaur, royal Bengal tiger, elephant Giant squirrel, squirrel

flying

Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh Four horned antelope, Indian wild dog, Saras crane) Gujarat

Indian wild ass

AgasthyamalI Biosphere Reserve

Kerala, Tamil Nadu

Nilgiri tahr, elephants

Seshachalam Hills

Andhra Pradesh

Cold Desert

Himachal Pradesh

Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve Sikkim Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve Dibru-Saikhowa Panna

National Parks

Snow leopard

Snow leopard, red panda

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Saltwater crocodile Assam

Madhya Pradesh

Golden langur

Tiger, chital, chinkara, sambhar and sloth bear

They are reserved for the betterment of wild life, both fauna and flora. In national parks private ownership is not allowed. The grazing, cultivation, forestry, etc. is also not permitted. The first national park of the world, Yellow stone, in U.S.A., was founded in 1872.

GP_3404 ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

GK-86

Important state wise national parks of India Jammu and Kashmir - Dachigam, Salim Ali Assam - Kaziranga, Manas* Meghalaya - Nokrek West Bengal - Sunderbans Bihar Hazaribagh, Palamau* Uttaranchal - Corbett* ( Hailey ), Nanda Devi, Valley of flowers, Rajaji U. P. - Dudhwa* Gujarat - Gir, Marine Rajasthan - Sariska*, Ranthambore*, Desert Madhya Pradesh - Kanha* , Sanjay, Madhav, Panna, Bandhavgarh*, Van Vihar, Fossil Orissa - Simlipal Karnataka - Bandipur* Kerala - Silent Valley, Periyar* *These national parks are running Tiger Project also. (The maximum national parks are present in Madhya Pradesh).

Sanctuaries

In sanctuaries the protection is given to fauna only. The activity like harvesting of timber, collection of forest products and private ownership rights are permitted so long as they do not interfere with the well being of the animals. The important wild life sanctuaries are: Chilka wild life sanctuary (Orissa), Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (Rajasthan), Sultanpur Bird sanctuary (Haryana) and Jalpara sanctuary (West Bengal). Gir wild life sanctuary (Gujarat), Maximum sanctuaries belong to Andaman and Nicobar.

Pollutants and their Effects

Sr. No. 1.

Origin

Effect

Causes irritation

Fluoride (F)

Chemical Industries, volcanic activities Motor vehicles, smelters, coal steel plants Smelters, steel plants

7.

HCl (Hydrogen chloride)

Incinerators

Irritates eyes and lungs

9.

Nitric acid (HNO3)

Formed from NO2 causes Respiratory diseases acid rain Formed from NO2 and Respiratory disease water vapour

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

8. 10.

11.

12.

Pollutant

Arsenic (As)

Cadmium (Cd) Chlorine (Cl)

Carbon monoxide (CO) Formaldehyde (HCHO)

Mercury (Hg)

Nitrous acid (HNO3)

Coal, oil furnaces, glass Lung and skin cancer factories Smelters, coals, oil furnaces Damage to lung, kidney, bones

Chemical plants

Coal, smelters oil furnaces

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) Refineries, Pulp mills Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Starves body of oxygen, damages heart Mottled teeth in children Allergenic, carcinogenic, headaches, burning sensation in the throat, and can aggravate asthma symptoms Tremors, nerve troubles

Nausea, irritates eyes

Formed from SO2 in sunlight Respiratory diseases hydroxyl with ions

ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT 13.

Nitric Oxide (NO)

15.

Lead (Pb)

14.

16.

Motor Vehicles, coal, oil furnaces Ground level ozone formed from nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Ozone (O3)

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

UNFCCC

Sustainable Development Initiatives of India

• Constitution of the forest conservation act 1980. • Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1974. • Air(prevention and control of pollution (Act 1981). • Environment (protection) Act 1986. • The Wildlife Protection Act ,1972. • India acceded to the Vienna convention

Nitrous oxide Tropospheric Ozone CFC-12

HCFC-22

Sulfur Hexaflouride

Asthma, irritates eyes sunlight from nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons

Irritates eyes, breathing problems

for the protection of the ozone layer, March 1985. • India signed the convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of wild animals (The Bonn Convention) in 1979. • India signed the International Convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by the oil, 1954(London).

Global Warming/Climate Change

• Greenhouse Effect- A greenhouse is an enclosure of glasses in which tropical plants are grown during winters in areas of colder climate. Heat trapped by the glass keeps the temperature inside the greenhouse much higher than the surrounding atmosphere. A similar heating phenomenon occurs in the atmosphere. • Greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon which keeps the earth warm at normal level.

Chemical Formula

Anthropogenic Sources

CO2

Fossil-fuel combustion, Land-use conversion, Cement Production.

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Oxidizes to NO2

Motor vehicles, high smelters Brain damage

Smelters Coal, Oil furnaces

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) entered into force on 21 March 1994. Today, it has near-universal membership. The 195 countries that have ratified the Convention are called Parties to the Convention.

Greenhouse Gas

GK-87

CH4

N2O O3

CCL2F2 CCl2F2

World Wide Fund for Nature

SF6

• It was set up in India in 1969 • Its coordinating body the WWF international is located in Gland in Switzerland. • It has five broad programme components.  Promoting India’s ecological security,

Fossil fuels, Rice paddies, Waste dumps.

Fertilizer, Industrial processes, Combustion. Fossil fuel combustion, Industrial emissions, Chemical solvents. Liquid coolants, Foams. Refrigerants.

Dielectric fluid.

 Conserving biological diversity,

 Ensuring sustainable use of the natural resource base,

 Minimum pollution,

 Promoting sustainable lifestyle.

GP_3404 GK-88

ART, CULTURE & TOURISM

Art, Culture & Tourism Culture plays an important role in the development of any nation. A country as diverse as India is symbolized by the plurality of its culture. India has one of the world’s largest collections of songs, music, dance, theatre, folk traditions, performing arts, rites and rituals, paintings and writings that are known, as the ‘Intangible Cultural Heritage’ (ICH) of humanity.

Famous Art Forms

Names Patachitra painting Bengal pat painting Madhubani painting Miniature painting Tanjore art Kalamkari

State of Origin

Materials Used

Raghurajpur Village in Puri district of Cloth fortified with tamarind paste, chalk powder and gum and natural dyes. Odisha

Bengal

Dye that are made of spices, earth, soot, etc.

Madhubani (Bihar)

Mud coated wall, cloth paper

Developed during Mughal Period i.e. precious stones conch shells, gold and 16th – 19th century silver Tanjore (Southern Tamil Nadu)

Golkonda and Chennai and Masulipatnam area of Hyderabad

Warli Painting North Sahyadri Range in India. Gond art

Gond Tribes of Central India.

Semi-precious stones, glass and gold

pens made of bamboo and natural colours extracted from vegetables

Rice paste, mix with Gum and Water Red clay (Geru), cow dung, mud

Made on walls, ceilings and floors of village houses

Famous Indian Painters

Rabindranath Tagore

7 May 1861 – 7 Aug 1941

Amrita Sher-Gil

30 Jan 1913 – 5 Dec 1941

Abanindranath Tagore Jamini Roy

7 Aug 1871 – 5 Dec 1951

1 Apr 1887 – 24 Apr 1972

Francis Newton Souza

12 Apr 1924 -28 Mar 2002

Satish Gujral

25 Dec 1925 - Till date

S.H. Raza

Tyeb Mehta

Nandalal Bose Manjit Bawa M. F. Husain

22 Feb 1922 - 23 june 2016 25 Jul 1925 – 2 Jul 2009

3 Dec 1882 – 16 Apr 1966 1941-29 Dec 2008

17 Sep 1915 – 9 Jun 2011

ART, CULTURE & TOURISM

GK-89

Legends of Indian Music Legends Pandit Ravi Shankar

Life Span Forte 7 April 1920 – 11 Sitar Dec 2012

Pandit Hariprasad 1st July 1938 Chaurasia Pandit Shivkumar Sharma Ustad Amjad Ali Khan Ustad Bismillah Khan Ustad Zakir Hussain Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi Pandit Jasraj

Bansuri

Awards Magsaysay award, Padma Vibhushan,

UNESCO International Music, Sangeet Natak Academy, Padma Bhushan,

13-1-1938

Santoor

Konark Samman, Yash, Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, Padma

21-3-1913 to

Shehnai

Unicef’s National Ambassadorship, Bharat Ratna, Fellow of Sangeet Natak

9-10-1945

21-8-2006 9-3-1951

4-2-1922 to 241-2011 28-1-1930

M. S. Subbulakshmi 16-7-1916 to 11-12-2004 Dr. 23 July 1947Lakshminarayana Subramaniam M.Balamurali 6 July 1930Krishna Bade Ghulam Ali 2 April 1902 – Khan 25 April 1968

Vibhushan, Padma Shri UNESCO Award, Padma Vibhusha,

Sarod

Akademi, Padma Vibhushan

Tabla

Indian classical vocalist Indian classical vocalist Classical vocalist Classical, Carnatic,

P. Bhushan, Grammy, Sangeet Natak Akademi. Sangeet Natak Akademi P. Vibhushan, P. Vibhushan, Sangeet Natak Akademi

Sangeet Natak Akademi Ramon Magsaysay, P. Vibhushan Lifetime Achievement GiMA ISKCON,

Carnatic music Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Sarangi,

Indian Dance

There are many types of dance forms in India which are deeply religious in content to those which are performed on small occasions. The Indian dances are broadly divided into Classical dances and folk dances. The most popular classical dance styles of India are Bharatnatyam of Tamil Nadu, Kathakali and Mohiniattam of Kerala,

NA

Odissi of Odisha, Kathak of Uttar Pradesh, Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh and Manipuri of Manipur.

Theatres

The rich Indian theater culture has its origin dates back in first century, CE, and started and nurtured by the society as means of expressing, communicating and sharing the ideas-opinions-emotions-believe of mankind.

Some of the Important Theatres of Modern India

Name

Founder

Year and Place of Establishment

Ministry National School of of Culture, 1959, New Delhi Drama Government of (Deemed University) India.

People Associated with it Naseeruddin Shah, Irfan Khan, Anupam Kher, Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Pankaj Kapur, Himani Shivpuri and many more

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ART, CULTURE & TOURISM

Bhartendu Academy Padma Shri Raj 1975, Lucknow, of Dramatic Arts Bisaria. Theatre Arts Raj Bisaria 1966, Lucknow Workshop (TAW)

Tourism

India has become a popular tourist destination with thousands of people visiting different parts of India each year. Major tourist destinations in India are the Himalayas, Agra, Jaipur, Goa, Kerala, Delhi, Odisha and Maharshtra.

Famous Tourist Destination in India Akshardham Temple:

The 108 feet tall temple was built on 2nd, November 1992 in memory of Pramukh Swami in Gandhinagar district of Gujarat.

Ajmer Sharif:

It is sufi shrine dedicated to the sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti. It is situated in Ajmer, Rajasthan. Amarnath Cave: It is situated in Jammu and Kashmir Ajanta and Ellora Caves: They contain a cluster of Hindu and Jain temples along with cave monuments in.

Dal Lake:

The enchanting lake of Jammu and Kasmir bordered by ice covered mountains from three sides is famous for its gardens, shikara rides and house boat stay.

Golden Temple:

Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara, is commonly called as Golden Temple in Amritsar Punjab. Gateway of India: It is made by British in 1914 in Mumbai. Haji Ali Dargah: The very famous dargah(tomb) is located on an islet of the coast ofWorliin the Southern part ofMumbai built in 1431 in the memory of a wealthy merchant Sayyed Peer Haji Ali Shah Bukhari. Khajuraho Group of Monuments: It is a group of Hindu and Jain temples situated in Madhya Pradesh. Mahabaleshwar: It is a vast magnificent plateau located at a distance of 120 km south west of Pune with an average height of 1353 meters.

Rajiv Jain, Raajpal Yadav, Anupam Shyam

Taj Mahal: It is a white marble mausoleum located on the southern bank of the Yamuna river inAgra, Uttar Pradesh. It was built by Shah Jahan in 1632 in the memory of his loving wife Mumtaz Mahal. Vaishno Devi Temple, Jammu Kashmir: The temple is recognized as one of the “Shakti Peeths” of goddess Durga. The holy shrine is situated in the folds of mighty ‘Tirkuta’ Hills’ which attracts lakhs of devotees from all parts of India and abroad

Indian Film Industry

India is the largest producer of films in the world and second oldest film industry in the world which originated around about 103 years ago. It was in early 1913 that an Indian film received a public screening. The film was Raja Harischandra. Its director, Dadasaheb Phalke. By the mid 1920s, Madras had become the epicentre for all film related activities. Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu, SS Vasan, AV Meiyappan set up production houses in Madras to shoot Telugu and Tamil films.

The silent era came to an end when Ardeshir Irani produced his first talkie, ‘Alam Ara’ in 1931. If Phalke was the father of Indian cinema, Irani was the father of the talkie. The first talkie films in Bengali (Jumai Shasthi), Telugu (Bhakta Prahlad) and Tamil (Kalidass) were released in the same year. Largest film industry in India is the Hindi film industry mostly concentrated in Mumbai (Bombay), and is commonly referred to as “Bollywood”. Kochi and Kolkata are commonly referred to as “Tollywood”(Telugu), “Kollywood”(Tamil), “Sandalwood”(Kannada), “Mollywood”(Malayalam), “Tollywood”(Bangla). The largest film studio complex in the world is Ramoji Film City is located at Hyderabad , India, which was opened in 1996 and measures 674 ha (1,666 acres). Comprising 47 sound stages.

Communication, Transport, News & Media Communications Satellite

Communication Post Office •• ••

The Department of Posts was founded in India on 1st April, 1774. This department serves as an agent of Govt.

Telecommunication ••

•• •• ••

Communication technology uses channels to transmit information (as electrical signals), either over a physical medium (such as signal cables), or in the form of electromagnetic waves. The Telecommunications system in India is the 2nd largest in the world. The construction of 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of telegraph lines was started in November 1853. Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. 4G, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G.

••

••

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver(s) at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications.

Transport

Indian Road Network •• •• ••

India has a road network of over approx. 4,689,842 kilometers. The Central Government is responsible for development and maintenance of the National Highways system. The Ministry carries out development and maintenance work of National Highways through three agencies. viz. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), State Public Works Department (PWDs) and Border Road Organization (BRO).

Quick Facts

Categories

Dimensions in Kms (up to 2011)

National Highways

92,851

State Highways Major and Other District Roads Rural Roads

Responsible Authority

1,63,898

Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (Central government) State governments (State’s public works department)

27,49,805

Local governments, Panchayats and Municipalities

17,05,706

National Highways Development Projects

Local governments, Panchayats and Municipalities

Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high density traffic corridor, to connect India’s four big metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai and Kolkata.

North-South and East-West Corridors: NorthSouth corridor aims at connecting Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kaniyakumari in Tamil Nadu (including Kochchi-Salem Spur) with 4,076 km long road. The East-West Corridor has been planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the port town of Porbandar in Gujarat with 3,640 km of road length.

Important National Highways NH NH 1

Connects New Delhi-Ambala-JalandharAmritsar NH 2 Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur- Allahabad-Varanasi-Kolkata NH 3 Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai NH 4 Thane and Chennai via Pune and Belgaum NH 5 Kolkata-Chennai NH 6 Kolkata-Dhule NH 7 Varanasi-Kanyakumari NH 8 Delhi-Mumbai (via Jaipur, Boroda & Ahmedabad) NH 9 Mumbai-Vijaywada NH 10 Delhi-Fazilka NH 24 Delhi - Lucknow NH 26 Lucknow-Varanasi

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COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORT, NEWS & MEDIA

Indian Railways Indian Railways is a state-owned enterprise and one of the world’s largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km of track over a route of 65,808 km and 7,112 stations. It was founded on April 16, 1853.

Top Ten Countries with Longest Rail Network in the World Rank

Country

Route Km.

1.

USA

250000

4.

India

65000

2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

China

Russia

Canada

Germany Australia

Argentina France

10. Brazil

100000 85500 48000 41000 40000 36000 29000 28000

Bangaluru Metro: Bengaluru Metro also known as Namma Metro is recently started rapid transit rail system in the Bengaluru city

of Karnataka. Jaipur Metro: The pink city of Rajasthan is got its first metro line of 9.2 km from Mansarovar to Chandpole Bazaar in November 2010.

Aviation Industry

Air transport in India made a beginning in 1911 when airmail operation commenced over a distance of 10 km between Allahabad and Naini. The Airport Authority of India was constituted in 1972. • JRD Tata was the first licensed pilot of Federation aeronautique International on behalf of the Aero Club of India and Burma. • Prem Mathur became the first female commercial pilot to start flying for Deccan Airways, as she obtained her commercial pilots licence in 1947. 5/20 rule : The rule allows an Indian carrier to fly abroad only after it has completed five years of domestic operations and maintains a fleet of 20 aircrafts.

Water Ways

India has 14,500 km of navigable waterways. At present, 5,685 km of major rivers are navigable. The Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986.

National Waterways of India Waterways Stretch NW 1 Allahabad-Haldia stretch (1,620 km) NW 2 NW 3 NW 4 NW 5

Sadiya-Dhubri stretch (891 km)

Kottapuram-Kollam stretch (205 km)

Specified streches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals (1078 km) Specified stretches of river Brahmani along with Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast canals (588km).

Specification It is divided into three parts for developmental purposes– (i) Haldia- Farakka (560 km), (ii) Farakka-Patna (460 km), (iii) Patna- Allahabad (600 km).

Brahmaputra is navigable by steamers up to Dibrugarh (1,384 km) which is shared by India `and Bangladesh. It includes 168 km of west coast canal along with Champakara canal (23 km) and Udyogmandal canal (14 km).

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COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORT, NEWS & MEDIA

Ports Indian coastline is about 7516.6 kilometers and it is one of the biggest peninsulas in the world. It is serviced by 12 major ports, 200 notified minor and intermediate ports. Maharashtra (48) has the maximum and Name of the Port

Kandla

Coast

Gujarat

Western Coast

Maharashtra

Western Coast

Manglore

Western Coast

Mormugao Kochi

Haldia

Paradip

Vishakapatnam Chennai Ennore

Tutikorin

News & Media

State

Western Coast

Mumbai

Jawaharlal Nehru

Gujarat (42) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (23). The Coastal States in India are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Western Coast

Maharashtra Goa

Karnataka

Western Coast

Kerala

Eastern Coast

Andhra Pradesh

Eastern Coast Eastern Coast Eastern Coast Eastern Coast Eastern Coast

Newspaper Newspaper is the print media which prints information, activities and daily occurrences around us. It was introduced in 1780. Registrar of Newspapers is a statutory body of Government of India which is popularly known as RNI. It was established on 1st July 1956. Press Trust of India (PTI) was incorporated in Madras on, 27th August, 1947.

West Bengal Odisha

Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu

United News of India (UNI) was founded on December 1961under the company acts. However its commercial application started on 21st March 1961. Prasar Bharti is an autonomous body set up by an Act of Parliament on 23 Nov, 1997. All India Radio (AIR) or Akashwani was formed in 1930 as a part of Prasar Bharti. Doordarshan was launched on 15 September, 1959 as a part of Prasar Bharti with the motto Satyam Shivam Sundaram.

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Sports Olympics

South Asian Games

• South Asian Games (SAG) was first held in 1984 at Kathmandu, Nepal. The eight participating Countries are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. • The last SAG was held in 2016 at Hambantota, Sri Lanka.

The first Modern Olympics Games were started in Athens on 6th April 1896. The Olympics games originated in the City of Olympia of Greece in 776 B.C. The Olympic flag was created in 1914 at the suggestion of Baron Pierre de Coubertin and was hoisted first time in the Antwerp Olympic Games in 1920. It is made up of white silk and contains five intertwined rings as the Olympics emblem. The Colour of rings represents different continents as given below: Blue

Yellow

Black

Red

Green

-

-

-

-

-

Europe

Asia

Africa

America

Australia & Oceania

The Olympic motto is “Citius – Altius – Fortius” (Faster, higher, Stronger) Mary Leela Rao was the 1st Indian woman participant in The Olympic Games

Commonwealth Games • •

It is held every 4th year in between the Olympic years. The first Commonwealth Games was held in 1930 at Hamilton, Canada. India, for the first time, participated in the 2nd Commonwealth Games held in 1934 in London.

Asian Games • • • •

The idea of the Asian Games was first conceived by Prof. G.D. Sondhi. The first Asian Games were held at New Delhi on 4 March 1951. The motto of the Asian Games “Play the game in Spirit of the game” was given by Pt. J.L Nehru. Its emblem is a bright full rising Sun with interlocking rings. 17th Asian Games was held in Incheon (South Korea) in 2014. 18th will be held in Jakarta (Indonesia) in 2018.

Cricket World Cup

• It is organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC) after every 4 years. • The first World Cup was organized in England in June 1975. • Australia is the Champion of ICC Cricket World Cup 2015. • The next World Cup is scheduled in 2019 in England.

FIFA World Cup

• Germany was The Champion of 20th FIFA world cup held in 2014 in Brazil. • Brazil has won five times and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. • The next two World Cups will be hosted by Russia in 2018 and Qatar in 2022.

Hockey World Cup

• It was started in 1971. • Indian has won the tournament only once in 1975. • The last Hockey World Cup was held in 2014 in Hague, Netherlands whose winner was Australia. • The next tournament is scheduled in 2018 to be held in Bhubaneswar, India.

IPL 2016

• It is a professional Twenty 20 Cricket league in India (BCCI). • The ninth and the latest IPL was held in 2016. The Sun risers Hyderabad were crowned as the champion after they won against Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Finals.

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SPORTS

Trophies and Sports National Name of the Trophy Aga Khan Cup Barna Bellack Cup Beighton Cup Bombay Gold Cup Burdwan Trophy D.C.M. Trophy Dhyan Chand Trophy Dr. B.C. Roy Trophy Duleep Trophy Durand Cup Ezra Cup I.F.A Shield Lady Ratan Tata Trophy Moin ud daula Gold Cup Rangaswami Cup Ranji Trophy Santosh Trophy Scindia Gold Cup Subroto Mukherjee Cup Wellington Trophy

International

Related game Hockey Table Tennis Hockey Hockey Weight Lifting Football Hockey Football Cricket Football Polo Football Hockey Cricket Hockey Cricket Football Hockey Football (Inter-School) Rowing

Name of the Trophy Nehru Trophy American Cup Ashes Cup

Hockey Yatch Racing Cricket (Australia-England)

Hopman Cup

Lawn Tennis

Azlan Shah US Masters

Colombo Cup Trophy Davis Cup Kings Cup Race Merdeka Cup Thomas Cup Uber Cup US-Open French-Open Australian Open Wimbledon

Related game

Hockey Golf

Football Lawn Tennis Air Races (England) Football (Asia) World Badminton (Men) World Badminton (women) Lawn Tennis Lawn Tennis Lawn Tennis Lawn Tennis

Masters Champions Trophy British Open Malaysian Open Tata Open

Hockey

Golf Badminton Lawn Tennis

Number of Players on each side Badminton 1 or 2 Polo 4 Baseball 9 Rugby Football 15 Basketball 5 Tennis and Table 1 or 2 tennis Cricket 11 Water Polo 7 Football 11 Volleyball 6 Hockey 11 Kabaddi 7 Chess 1

Terms in Sports and Games Badminton

Deuce, Double, Drop, Fault, Game, Let, Love, Smash. Baseball Bunt, Diamond, Home, Pitcher, Put out, Strike. Billiards Break, Cannons, Cue, In off, Jigger, Scratch, Boat Race Cox Boxing Hook, Jab, Knock-out, Punch, Upper cut. Chess Check, Checkmate, Gambit, Stalemate Cricket Bowling, Bouncer, Crease, Cover point, Drive, Duck, Follow on, Googly, Gulley, Hat Trick, Hit wicket, L.B.W. (Leg Before Wicket), Leg Break, Leg spinner, Leg bye Maiden over, No ball, Pitch, Run, Silly point, Stumped, Wicket keeper. Dribble, Drop Kick, Foul, Hattrick, Football Off-side, Penalty, Throw in, Touch Down. Golf Bogey, Caddie, Hole, Links, Put, Putting the green, Stymie, Tee. Hockey Bull, Carry, Centre Forward, Carried, Dribble, Goal, Hat trick, Penalty corner, Scoop, Short corner, Sticks, Striking circle, Under cutting. Horse Racing Jockey, Place, Protest, Punter, Win. Lawn Tennis Back-hand-drive, Service, Smash, Volley, Deuce, Game, Set, Love. Polo Bunder, Chuckker, Mallet. Rifle Shooting Bull’s eye. Swimming Stroke. Volley ball Booster, Deuce, Love, Service, Spikers. Wrestling Half Nelson, Heave.

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SPORTS

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